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The Skeletal System (Anatomical Terminology in link to the location of the…
The Skeletal System
Anatomical Terminology in link to the location of the bones
Proximal - Close to the centre of the body (limbs)
Superior - Near the head
Distal - Far from the centre of the body
Medial - Close to the centre vertical line of the skeleton
Lateral - Far from the centre vertical line of the skeleton
Posterior - In back of
Anterior - In front of
Different Bones
Long
Functions of Parts
Bone marrow cavity - contains bone marrow
Articular cartilage - reduces friction between bones
Epiphysis - Forms larger rounded ends of long bones
Diaphysis - Long central shaft
Bone marrow - Flexible tissue found in hollow interior of bones
Blood cell supplies oxygenated blood
Short
Flat
Irregular
Compact
Stronger than Spongy bone
The difference between Spongy and Compact bones are the density
Spongy
Softer than Compact bone
Joints - This is where two or more bones articulate
Fibrous Joint
thin layer of fibrous tissue connecting the edges of two bones, continuous with periosteum, no movement allowed at these joints
Cartilaginous Joint
bones separated by fibrocartilage disc or thick layer of hyaline cartilage, limited movement allowed
Synovial Joint
commonly occuring joints, freely movable joints
Features
Articular cartilage - Reduces friction, absorb shock, protect bones
Joint cavity - Space between bones
Articular capsule - Surrounds joints and is flexible to allow joint movements
Synovial membrane - Holds the synovial fluid,
Synovial fluid - Lubricates joint cavity, reduces friction, provides nutrients to cartilage
Menisci - Semilunar discs of fibrocartilage that are located in articulating bones, allows bones to fit together, increase cushioning and stability to joint
Bursae - Small fluid filled sacs located where two structures rub against each other, they are lined by synovial membrane that provide lubrication and hence reduce friction
Ligaments - connects bone to bone, supports a joint
Different Synovial Joints
Plane joint - Usually flat or a little curved, between the tarsal and carpel bones
Hinge joint - convex surface fits into a concave surface - elbow joint
Pivot joint - rounded surface of one bone rolls around in a ring formed by bone and ligament - radioulnar joint
Condyloid joint - an oval shaped convex surface fits into a reciprocally shaped concave surface, between radius and carpel bones
Saddle joint - a saddle shaped bone fits against another bone shaped like the legs of someone sitting on a saddle, between carpel and metacarpel on thumb
Socket joint - a sphere shaped head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity on the other bone - shoulder joint
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Axial
A real or imaginary line about which an object, form, composition or geometrical construction is symmetrical.
Includes cranium, facial bones, sternum, rib cage, vertebrae
Function is to Protect various body organs, and it is an attachment point for muscles, and it is to support
Appendicular
To add a supplement
Includes humerus, clavicle, scapula, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, fibula, tibia
Function are attachment, support, movement, blood cell formation, mineral reservoir
Muscular System
Features
Contractility - the muscle shorten
Extensibility - the muscle lengthen
Atrophy - the muscle size decreases
Hypertrophy - the muscle size increases
Elasticity - the muscle becomes to normal shape
Fed by capillaries
Controlled by nerve stimuli
Different Muscle Tissue
Smooth - around hollow organs, spindle shaped, involuntary, uninucleate, non striated
Cardiac - heart, uninucleate, involuntary, non striated
Skeletal - multinucleate, voluntary, striated, attached to the skeleton
Connective Tissue
Is a tissue that joins muscles or bones together, it makes ligaments, cartilage and tendons.
Cartilage - Hard, provides support for soft tissues, prevent friction of bones, protect bones, absorb shock, it gives a sliding area for joints so that bones can move easily.
Tendon - Connects muscle to bone
Ligament - Connect bone to bone and supports a joint
