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Skeletal System Part 2 (Major Functions of Skeletal System (Support…
Skeletal System Part 2
Major Functions of Skeletal System
Support
framework for connection of other tissues
supports weight of body
Assistance in movement
muscles attached to bone with tendons
Protection
ex: cranium, ribs, & vertebrae
Mineral storage
ex: calcium & phosphorous
Blood cell formation
arithrocytes & thrombocytes
red bone marrow
Energy storage
yellow (white) bone marrow (fat)
Major Structural Components
Bone
35% organic matter with cells & extracellular matrix
includes ground substance
includes collagen fibers
strength & flexibility
65% inorganic matter with minerals
for hardness
resists compression
resists twisting
Ligaments
connect bone to bone
Tendons
connect muscle to bone
Articulations
joints
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
in shoulder joint
in nose
in costal cartilage of ribs
Elastic cartilage
in external ear
Fibrocartilage
in intervertebral discs
in knee joint
meniscus
pubic symphysis
Regions of the Body
Axial region
cephalic (head)
frontal (forehead)
orbital (eye socket)
nasal (nose)
mental (jaw/chin)
cervical (neck)
thoracic
sternal (sternum)
axillary (armpits)
mammary (boobs/nipples)
abdominal
umbilical (stomach/belly button)
pelvic
inguinal (groin/above genital)
pubic (genital)
Appendicular region
cephalic (head)
otic (ears)
occipital (back of head)
cervical (neck)
back (dorsal)
scapular (scapulas)
vertebral (spine)
lumbar (sides of lumbar vertebrae)
sacral (sacrum)
gluteal (butt cheeks)
perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
upper limb
lacrimal (tops of shoulders)
brachial (upper arm)
antecubital (inside of elbow)
olecranal (back of elbow)
antebrachial (forearm)
carpal (wrist)
manus (hand)
pollex (thumb)
metacarpal (back of hand)
palmar (palm)
digital (fingers)
lower limb
coxal (hips)
femoral (thighs)
patellar (knee caps)
popliteal (back of knees)
crural (lower leg/shins)
sural (calf)
fibular or perennial (outside of lower leg)
pedal (foot)
tarsal (ankle)
calcaneal (heel)
metatarsal (top of foot)
digital (toes)
plantar (middle bottom of foot)
hallux (big toe)
Types of Bones
Long bones
ex: humerus & femur
Flat bones
ex: lacrimal, nasal, vomer, parietal, frontal, occipital, scapula, sternum, rib, & coxal
Irregular bones
ex: ethmoid, palatine, inferior nasal concha, hyoid, sphenoid, temporal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, vertebrae, sacrum, & coccyx
all in axial region
Short bones
ex: carpals, tarsals, & patella
Bone Markings
projections that are sites of muscle & ligament attachment
Tuberosity
large rounded projection, may be roughened
ex: ischial tuberosity
Crest
narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
ex: iliac crest
Trochanter
very large, blunt, irregular shaped process
only on femur
Line
narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
ex: intertrochanteric line of femur
Tubercle
small rounded projection or process
ex: adductor tubercle of femur
Epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
ex: medial epicondyle of femur
Spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
ex: ischial spine
Process
any bony prominence
ex: spinous process of vertebra
surfaces that form joints
Head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
ex: head of rib
Facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
ex: facet of rib
Condyle
rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa
ex: condyle of femur
depressions and openings
Foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
ex: mental foramen of mandible
Groove
furrow
ex: groove of mandible
Fissure
narrow, slitlike opening
Notch
indentation at the edge of a structure
ex: mandibular notch
Fossa
shallow basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
ex: infraspinous fossa of scapula
Meatus
canal-like passageway
ex: external acoustic meatus
Sinus
cavity within a bone, filled with air & lined with mucous membrane
ex: maxillary sinuses
Ossification
Intramembranous
cluster of mesenchymal cells
become osteoblasts
creates extracellular matrix
eventually hardens from addition of minerals
at the same time blood vessels are woven through
become osteocytes
becomes spongy bone
later on compact bone forms around the outside
most skull bones & clavicle formed this way
Endochondral
every other bone except skull & clavicle formed in this way
starts with cartilage model
grows larger
transforms to bone
in some bones medullary cavity forms
addition of blood vessels
cartilage remains at epiphyseal plates in long bones
epiphyseal plate into epiphyseal line
cartilage cells resting (hyaline)
chondroblasts reproduce rapidly & stack up
chondroblasts grow larger &make extracellular matrix
become chondrocytes
become trapped in extracellular matrix
signals extracellular matrix to calcify (harden)
chondrocytes die
osteoclasts come in & clean up dead cells
osteoblasts build on the scaffolding (trabecule) made by chondroblasts
turns into bone
both proximal & distal ends
you can see epiphyseal line
Circumferential (width) bone growth
osteoclasts hollow out medullary cavity to make bone wider
also called appositimal growth
Bone Remodeling
tearing down & building up bone to make them stronger
happens mostly at endosteal surface (osteogenic)
osteoclasts tear down
osteoblasts build up
triggers for remodeling:
changes in activity
changes in body weight
need for calcium in blood