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Chapter 13 (mucociliary escalator (muscle resides as two layers (watery…
Chapter 13
mucociliary escalator
a lining of the nose plays an important role in keeping the nose clean and free from debris and build up
cells in epithelial lining of airways of the nose and most of the respiratory system called pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells
this layer consisted of single layer of tall column-like cells that have nuclei at different heights, giving appearance of two layers when there is only one
each columnar cell has 200-250 cilia on its surface; cilia are hair-like projections that beat fantastic rate
goblet cells and submucosal glands are interspersed and produced about 100mls of mucus per day (1/40 of a pint)
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cilia beat 1,000-1,500 times per minute and propel gel layer and its trapped debris upward about one inch per minute to be expelled
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sometimes called mucocilliary escalator which is descriptive of what it does, smoking paralyzes this escalator
upper respiratory tract
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functions include, heating or cooling air to body temp., filtering, humidifying, senses of smell or olfaction, producing sound, and ventilation or conduction gas to lower airways
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nasal cavity, behind nose divided three main regions, vestibule, olfactory, respiration
vestibule region is located in nostrils contain coarse nasal hairs act as first line of defense for respiratory sytem
hair called vibrissae covered with sebum, greasy substance secreted sebaceous glands of nose
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respiratory region
air is warmed to body temp. and moistened in region inside nasal cavity, which is lined with mucous membranes and richly supplied with blood
there are three scroll-like bones or turbinates that split incoming into three channels providing more surface area for incoming air to make contact with mucosa
larynx (voice box)
semi-rigid structure composed of cartilage connected by muscles and ligaments that provide movement of vocal cords to control speech
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cricoid cartilage lies below it providing structure and support in exposed area of airway to prevent collapse
food travels into esophagus, air travels into larynx
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overreview
when a person goes on a trip they need fuel for their car, just like we need fuel for our body
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respiratory system primary function is to transport vital fuel, oxygen, from the air we breathe into blood stream to used cells, tissues, and organs
cellular respiration depends on continuous supply of oxygen, found in abundance in air we breathe in, into the bloodstream to be used by the cells, tissue, organ
using oxygen produces carbon dioxide, which would become toxic if allowed to build in blood stream must be removed
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Airways from lungs
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Airway of lungs
Aveolis at ends is surrounded by capillaries- combination called alveolar capillary membrane provides interface between respiratory and cardiovascular
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bronchioles end in alveoli, terminal end of respiratory system
side nose
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turbinates also serve to make incoming air current incoming air current more turbulent bringing more air in contact with mucous membranes for warming and humidifying adding 650 to 1000 mls of water each day to moisten air to 80% humidity
has a small volume of 20 mL if you could unfold the turbinates you would have a surface area about the size of a postcard
Pharynx or throat
is hallow muscular structures starting behind nasal cavity, lined with epithelial tissue
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Pharynx can be divided into three sections, nasopharynx, oropharyx, laryngopharynx
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Epiglottis
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closes tightly when we swallow to prevent food from entering lungs this is called glottic or sphincter mechanism
vocal cords act as dividing line between upper and lower airways below vocal starts, upper airways end at vocal cords
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Nasopharynx
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section contains lymphatic tissue called adenoids, passageways into middle ear called eustachian tubes, air from nasal cavity passes through nasopharynx
Oropharynx
is center section of pharyx and is located behind in through oral cavity or nasal cavity pass through oropharynx
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