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Ch 5: Natural Vegetation (Biosphere Reserves (Objectives (Conservation of…

- - - - Western slops of Western Ghats
      - Hills of NE regions
      - A&N Islands
    - - Warm and Humid
      - Rainfall> 200 cm
      - Mean annual temperature > 22 deg C
    - - Stratified with layers closer to the ground, covered with shrubs and creepers, with short structured trees followed by tall variety of trees.
      - No definite time to shed their leaves, flowering and fruition => appear green all the year around
      - Species: Rosewood, Mahogany, Aini, Ebony
    - - Mixture of evergreen and moist deciduous trees, under-growing climbers provide evergreen character
      - Species: White cedar, Hollock and Kail.
  - - - Rainfall between 100-200cm
      - Location: NE states along the foothills of Himalayas, eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and Odisha
      - Species: Teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla, semul, kusum and sandalwood.
    - - Rainfall between 70-100cm
      - Transition between moist deciduous and thorn forests
      - Location: Rainier areas of the Peninsula, plains of UP and Bihar
      - As the dry season begins, trees shed their leaves completely => naked trees all around
      - Species: Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood
  - - - Himalayan ranges show a succession of vegetation from the tropical to the tundra
      - Deciduous forests: found in the foothills of the Himalayas
      - Wet temperate: between an altitude of 1000-2000m
      - Evergreen broad leaf trees: NE, hilly areas of WB and Uttaranchal. e.g. Oak, Chestnut etc.
      - Pine forests: between 1500-1750m e.g. Chir Pine
      - Blue pine and spruce: at altitudes of 2225-3048m
      - Silver firs, junipers, pines, birch and rhododendrons: between 3000-4000m
      - Mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation at higher altitude
    - - Location: Western ghats, Vindhyas and Nilgiris
      - Closer to tropics, at altitude of 1500 m only
      - Temperate: in higher regions of Western ghats (Kerala, Karnataka, TN)
      - Subtropical: in lower regions of Western ghats (Kerala, Karnataka, TN)
      - Temperate forests are called Sholas in Nilgiris, Anaimalai and Palani hills.
      - Other Species: Magnolia, laurel, cinchona and wattle.
  - - - i) reservoirs of the Deccan Plateau + lagoons and other wetlands of SW coast
      - ii) vast saline expanses of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Gulf of Kachchh
      - iii) freshwater lakes and reservoirs from Gujarat eastwards through Rajasthan (Keoladev) and MP
      - iv) delta wetlands and lagoons of India's East coast (Chilika)
      - v) Freshwater marshes of the Gangetic plain
      - vi) flood plains of Brahmaputra; marshes and swamps in the hills of NE and Himalayan foothills.
      - vii) lakes and rivers of the montane region of Kashmir and Ladakh
      - viii) mangrove forest and other wetlands of the island arcs of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands