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What are the issues associated with unequal flows of global migration USA
What are the issues associated with unequal flows of global migration USA
History of migration
originally Europeans (germany, UK + Ireland)
then 1800s change- slavery (from Africa) 300,000
industrial rev. drew 1000s from European who can looking for work
china (1850s) gold rush
banned in 1890
Irish potato famine (lots of Irish went to america
1900s lots of people (including Jews) due to fleeing genocide etc.
After WW1 the US instituted quotas to reduce the flow of immigrants
Immigration slowed due to great depression + WW1
tje US accepted over 400k immigrants victimuzed by thr war therough the displaced persons act 1948
Asia immigration quadrupled in 5 yrs. (after 1968)
1986 Ronald Reagan signed the immigration reform act granting amnesty to over 3 mil people
Today more than 1 in 8 americans are immigrants & almost all are descendants of immigrants
Less than 2% of the US population have native american ancestors
Patterns of emigration and immigration
2013
41.3 mil immigrants
living in USA
13% of the tot pop
Includes 78 nationalities (with 50,000 people in each nationality)
main contributors
Mexico (28%)
India (5%)
China (5%)
Philippines (4%)
Puerto Rico (3.5%)
Vietnam, El Salvador, Cuba and South Korea (3%)
21st century rapid growth but signs that it slowing
Shift from ACs (Italy) migrants to EDCs (Mexico)
2.98 mil US citizens live abroad
Canda
Mexico
UK
Puerto Rico
Germany
Australia
Israel
Reason for migration
pos migration pol
Employment opportunities
wage differentials
GDP $8201 mex
GDP $57,466 US
Educational oppitunities and access to other services
family reunification
policy on refugee admission
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
reciprocal trade between Mex + US is
1.4 bil a day
Opportunities and challenges
Opportunities
migrant pop take low-paid jobs Americans dislike
2013 main employment of Mex immigrants was services (31%)
providing sig contribution to GDP + US economic growth
US policy aims to attract highly skilled + well qualified professionals
Most immigrants are in the young working age group
economic contribution (taxes etc.) + social benefit in a country where crude birth rate has declined + pop is aging
Immigrants are consumers- helps job creation, business start up + generate wealth
Challenges
estimated 11.5 mil unauthorised immigrants (6 mil Mex) living in US
uneven progress in integration of imm groups into society
Depends on the size + diversity of the various groups
also depends on factors such a lang etc.
Imm pop are particularly concentrated + numerous, supply or resources + services have become an issue