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Humanities Revision (definitions to words related to the WHOLE chapter…

- - - - the first expedition was faught by peasants and led by Walter the penniless.
        
        it was a violent fight that murdered a large variety of Jews in Germany it left a trail of destruction all the way to Constantinople.
        
        being poorly organised, it was wiped out by the Turks after it had set out from that city.
      - the second expedition was run by knights.
        
        It SUCCESSFULLY defeated the Turks, and took city after city throughout the holy land, including Nicaea, Antioch, Jerusalem. Etc.
        
        this victory, HOWEVER, did NOT LAST, the Turks fought back and the crusader alliance with the byzantine emperor dissolved because each of them distrusted each other.
- - - - castles offered protection from enemies
      - showed your wealth and power
      - offered a comfortable well-protected home
    - - extremely expensive
      - gunpowder can early knock down a castle in a short amount of time.
- - - - these rules covered daily activities that had to be covered such as religious services, social work, manual labor and copying manuscripts.
- - - - Towards the end of the middle ages, towns and cities based on trade began to grow and rich merchants were able to afford knights to protect them from the king, nobles and lords, and so began to ignore them.
        as the occurrence of this increased, there was no point in having a feudal system at all since the monarch couldn't rule everyone anymore.
- - - - life for MEN was really tough. They had a vast amount of responsibilities.
        They were expected to endure a daily grind on the farm work: clearing fields, harvesting, repairing buildings, sawing and chopping timber, and paying the tithe to the lord or manor.
      - men were usually uneducated and remained tied to the drudgery of peasant labor.
    - - no matter which position women were in the feudal system, they had VERY FEW rights.
      - women were expected to get married as early as the age of twelve!
      - marrying your daughter off was also a way for the girls side to gain more power and wealth.
      - they were expected to produce male children specifically so that they could carry on the fathers heritage.
      - Peasant people however, were hesitant and reluctant into letting their daughters get married as early as the age of 12.
      - peasant women generally had to do the same work as men but also had additional responsibilities such as cleaning, cooking, taking care of children. Etc.
    - - education, sports and enjoyment was almost non-existence.
      - regarded as sources of labor on the farm.
      - At first they were required to help women with chores in the house but not too much later they had to go work out on the fields.
      - the period of growth, adolescence, was ignored.children were regarded as adults from the age of ten because then they were able to work out in the fields.
      - peasant children were educated in how to harvest a field, fix a thatched roof or even milk a cow at a VERY young age.
      - boys generally got married at an older age then girls. when they reached the age of 14, they were isolated ad had very less opportunities to mix with people and make friends.
- - - - known as the "god's Representative on earth" extremely powerful.
      - His nobles supported his orders issued with loyalty.
      - had key government positions.
      - below the pope were parish priests, nuns, monks and friars.
      - the lower clergy too the messages to the people of society. they also collected the taxes on which the church's wealth depended.
        this tax was called a tithe. it required 10 percent of a persons income or what they produced, grain, eggs, livestock. Etc/
      - Anyone who was believed to have been acting against the pope's will could be Excommunicated, which meant they could no longer receive service and receive the christian sacraments such as baptism and marriage. Worse, they were told they would go straight to hell. the church made sure that the fear of hell, it's fires and devils was instilled in everyone.