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CHAPTER 7: Cell Division (HOW CELL DEVICE (SEXUAL reproduction (Make…
CHAPTER 7: Cell Division
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CELLS REPRODUCE
- Parent cell devive into daughter cells
- Require the cuplication of chromosomes, the highly-organizez, condenses structures that contain most of the cell DNA
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HOW CELL DEVICE
ASEXUAL reproduction
Produce the offspring that are identical to the original cell or organism. (CLONE)
- SAME to parent and others
- SAME DNA
Example: somatic "body" cells
Prokaryotes do this (Binary fission)
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The Eukaryotic cells
- More complex and larger than prokaryotic cells
CANCER CELL Characteristic:
- Cel proliferation: grown so fast
- Increase in cell size, change in shape
- Loss of cell adhesion: loose the ECM (Extracellular matrix) to keep them together
- Loss of anchorage dependence (Cell continues to divide even when detached). They grown everywhere not have to be in the same plate.
- Tissue invasion (local spread)
- Angiogenesis (suck up nutrition from )
- Metastasis (spread to other organs)
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Benign tumors ( localized tumors): remain at the original site but may disrupt certain organs if they grow in size.
Malignant tumors (metastatic tumors):
- can spread to other locations in a process called METASTASIS
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Chromosome
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Homologous:
All autosome pars MUST be homologous
- Sex chromosomes a not homologous
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Locus: spot, region on chromosome
CHANGE OF CHROMOSOME
Deletion: The chromosome lost some gene
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Inversion: reversal of a chromosome segment
Translocation: the attachment of a segment to a non-homologous chromosome. A translocation may be reciprocal
- Depend on some type could bring issue
DIPLOID (2n)
HAVE 2 COPIES OF EACH CHROMOSOME
(1 from mom, 1 form dad) --> we have 2 copies of each Gene
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CELL CYCLE
G0 phase
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Dividing phase
Interphase
- Takes in nutrients and manufactures proteins and other substances.
- Grows.
- Prepares to divide including replicating the DNA.
G1 (gap 1)
- Cell take in a lot of nutrients
- some organelles may be double
- Cell starts to make bunch of protein to prepares for the duplication. Nutrients is needed for DNA
- Chromatid
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- Start to doubled DNA.
- Chromatid is forming -> sister chromatid
Chromatid is not condensed yet.
G2
- Tiny condensed sister chromatid
Mitotic phase / mitotic spindle. (Cell division)
After this, we have 2 identical sister cells
MITOSIS (separating DNA)
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Metaphase (catching the chromatid)
- Microtubules attach to the kinetic core of the chromatid.
- Mitotic spindle is fully formed.
- Kinetochores of the sister chromatids are facing he opposite poles of the spindle.
Anaphase (Pulled them apart)
- Sister chromatids separate at the centromeres
- Daughter chromosomes are moved to opposite pole of the cell.
- When the chromatid are pulled apart
Telophase (decondensed)
In telophase, the cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its normal structures as cytokinesis (division of the cell contents) takes place.
- The mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks.
- Two new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes. Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear.
- The chromosomes begin to de-condense and return to their “stringy” form.
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Differentiate cell
- Usually 1 cell type
- Has it's orders (programmed to be a specific type of cell)
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Somatic cells : all cell but not sperm or eggs
In Human, somatic cells have 46 Chromosomes
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