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lymphatic/ immune system (lymphatic anatomy (red bone marrow (formation of…
lymphatic/ immune system
2 types of immune system
Adaptive immune system
particular agents like the so-called antibodies target very specific pathogens that the body has already had contact with. That is why this is also called a learned defense or a specific immune response. By constantly adapting and learning the body can also fight against bacteria or viruses that change over time.
Innate immune system
The evolutionary older innate immune system provides a general defense against pathogens, so it is also called the nonspecific immune system. It works mostly at the level of immune cells like “scavenger cells” or “killer cells.” These cells mostly fight against bacterial infections.
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lymphatic anatomy
red bone marrow
formation of all formed elements, site of B-lymphocytes maturation
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spleen
largest of the lymphatic organs, filters blood - where immune response is initiated against foreign substance in the blood & removes aged and worn out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and platelets
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lymph
clear fluid containg water, dissolved solutes, and small amount of protein
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MALT
protect mucosal membranes against foreign substances
found in the respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts including digestive, primarily in the ileum of the small intestine
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ducts & vessels
ducts
right lymphatic duct
drains the right side of the head and neck, right upper limbs, and the right side of the thorax. returns to right internal jugular vein.
thoracic duct
the largest of the two lymphatic ducts. drains lymph from left side of the head and neck, left upper limbs, left thorax, and both left and right sides of the lower limbs
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Immunoglobulin Structure
Secretory IgA
Secretory IgA is composed of two IgA molecules joined by a J-chain and attached to a secretory piece. These modifications allow the secretory IgA to be secreted into mucus, intestinal juices and tears where it protects those areas from infection.
IgM
IgM is composed of five immunoglobulin molecules attached to each other. It is formed very early in infection and activates complement very easily.
immunoglobulin G (IgG)
IgG is the major immunoglobulin class in the body and is found in the blood stream as well as in tissues.
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IgD
stays bound to B lymphocytes, helping them to start the immune response.
Phagocytes
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Mast cells
they have many jobs, including helping to heal wounds and defend against pathogens.
Lymphocytes
types
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Memory T Cells
Jump start an immune response to an antigen that was previously present in the body. They remain in the body
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immunity
Innate immunity
includes the external barriers of our body — the first line of defense against pathogens — such as the skin and mucous membranes of the throat and gut.
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Passive immunity
This type of immunity is "borrowed" from another source, but it does not last indefinitely. For instance, a baby receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta before birth and in breast milk following birth. This passive immunity protects the baby from some infections during the early years of their life.
Immune system disorders
AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
HIV
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It weakens a person's immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. No effective cure exists for HIV. But with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled.
Immunodeficiencies
These arise when one or more parts of the immune system do not function. Immunodeficiencies can be caused in a number of ways, including age, obesity, and alcoholism. In developing countries, malnutrition is a common cause. AIDS is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency.
influenza
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe.
chicken pox
an infectious disease causing a mild fever and a rash of itchy inflamed blisters. It is caused by the herpes zoster virus and mainly affects children, who are afterward usually immune.
german measles
a contagious viral disease, with symptoms like mild measles. It can cause fetal malformation if contracted in early pregnancy.
lyme disease
an inflammatory disease characterized at first by a rash, headache, fever, and chills, and later by possible arthritis and neurological and cardiac disorders, caused by bacteria that are transmitted by ticks.
measles
an infectious viral disease causing fever and a red rash on the skin, typically occurring in childhood.
mononucleosis
Mononucleosis is an infectious illness that's sometimes called mono or “the kissing disease.” While you can get the virus that causes it through kissing, you can also get it in other ways like sharing drinks or utensils.
syphilis
a really common STD. Syphilis is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Syphilis causes sores on your genitals (called chancres). The sores are usually painless, but they can easily spread the infection to other people.
malaria
an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions.
barriers
physical
skin
The skin is physical barrier of body. Its outer tough layer, the stratum corneum prevents the entry of bacteria and viruses.
mucous membranes
Mucus secreted by mucous membrane traps the microorganisms and immobilises them. Microorganisms and dust particles can enter the respiratory tract with air during breathing which are trapped in the mucus.
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