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Human Growth and Development (Lecture 3 (Indirect methods (These reduce…
Human Growth and Development
Lecture 2
Early childhood
physical
age 6
Age 6 average weight 45 pounds
Height 46 inches
Skeletal/muscle development (child has adult like appearance
Legs and lower body develop quicker
Muscle coordination- run, climb, and move
Learns to write, draw, and use a fork and knife
Age 2 or 3 most teeth in
Between 2-4 bowel/bladder control
Mental
Vocabulary of 1500-2500 words by age 6
2 yr olds short attention span but like lots of activities
Recognize letters and some words
Ask frequent questions
Make decisions based on logic rather on trial and error
By age 6 can make decisions based on both past and present experiences
Emotional
1-2 yrs develop self awareness and the effect on other people
Defy limits that are set around age 2
Gain self confidence and want to learn
Feel impatient, anger, tantrums
4-6 yrs gain more control over emotions
Understand the concept of right and wrong
Social
Self centered 1 yr old to a social 6 yr old
Fear separation from parents
Gradually put self aside and begin to take an interest in others
Age: 1-6
Late childhood
Age: 6-12
Physical
Weight gain 4-7 pound
Height increases 2-3 inches per year
Children engaging in more motor sensory physical activity
Primary teeth are lost and permanent teeth
Visual acuity is at its best
10-12 secondary sexual characteristics begin
Mental
Speech skills more complex
Reading and writing skills developed
Use information to solve problems
Memory more complex
Understand abstract concepts such as loyalty, honesty, values and morals
Emotional
Emotions are usually more under control and dealt with in a more effective manner
10-12 sexual maturation and changes in body can lead to depression along with periods of joy
Can also leave the child restless, anxious and hard to understand
Social
7 year old like to do things by themselves not group work
8-10 year tend to be more group orientated and will form with same sex
Accept opinions of others and learn to form to rules and standards of behavior by others followed in the group
Adolescence
Age: 12-18
Physical
Sudden growth spurt can cause rapid weight gain and in height as well. girls 11-13 and boys 13-15
Muscle coordination slows down and awkwardness or clumsiness
Puberty-development of secondary sexual characteristics
Mental
Increase in knowledge and sharpening of skills
Learn to make decisions and accept responsibility for action Adolescents need reassurance, support, and understanding
Emotional
Stormy and in conflict
Feel inadequate and insecure
Worry about appearance, their abilities relationship c others
End of adolescence identity has been established
Social
Spending less time with family and more with peers
Seek security in groups of people own age with similar problems
If approval of others develop self confidence become more secure and satisfied
Toward the end, more mature associate with adult behavior
Needs of adolescence
In addition to the basic needs, adolescence need reassurance, support and understanding
Many problems develop at this stage and can be traced back to feelings of inadequacy and insecurity
Anorexia nervosa- A psychological disorder person drastically reduces food intake or refuses to eat. Results in excessive wight loss, and metabolic disturbances
Bulimia- a psychological disorder in which binging and fasts or refuses to eat
Bulimarexia- when a person induces vomiting or uses laxatives to get rid of food that had been eaten. More common in females.Usually, psychological or psychiatric intervention is needed to treat either
of these conditions
Chemical abuse- is the use of substances such as alcohol or drugs and the development of a physical or mental dependence on the chemical. Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence. Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases. Treatment towards total rehabilitation
Suicide
One of the leading causes of death in adolescents
Permanent solution to temporary problem
Reasons for: depression, grief over a loss or love affair, failure in school, inability to meet expectations, influence of suicidal friends or lack of self esteem.
Risks include: major loss or disappointment, previous suicide attempts, and or the recent suicide of friends, family, role model
Impulsive nature of adolescents will also increase the risk
Call for attention and should not be ignored- support, understanding, and psychological or psychiatric counseling are needed
Lecture 3
Early Adulthood
Age: 19-40 yr old
physical
Complete
Prime childbearing time
Mental
Mental development
Pursue additional education for career
Independence, makes career choices, establishes life style, selects a marital partner, starts a family, establishes values
Emotional
Many emotional stresses related to career, family, marriage
If strong- can cope with worries
Find satisfaction with achievements
Learn to accept criticism and profit from mistakes
social
Moving away from peer groups
Hang round people with similar ambitions and interests, regardless of age
Becomes involved with a mate
Middle Adulthood
Age: 40-65 yr old
Physical
Hair begins to thin and turn gray
Skin begins to wrinkle
Muscle tone decreases
Hearing loss
Visual acuity
Weight gain
Mental
Mental ability increases
Acquire an understanding of life
More confident in making decisions
Emotional
Period of contentment and satisfaction or a time of crisis
Emotional foundation of previous life stages determine your emotional status
Social
Depend on family relationships, work relationships
Husband and wife relationships can be stronger- or divorce rates are high in this groups b/c when they stayed for the children's sake
Late Adulthood
Physical
On the decline
All body systems are affected
Skin becomes dry, wrinkled, thinner
Brown or yellow spots (age spots) appear
Hair thin and lacks luster
Bones become brittle and porous and are more likely to break
Cartilage between vertebrae thins and can lead to stooping posture
Muscle tone is lost leads to fatigue and poor coordination
Decrease in hearing and visual acuity, decrease in tolerance of temperature
Memory loss
Heart is less efficient and circulation decreases
Kidney and bladder less efficient
Breathing capacity decreases and causes shortness of breath
Age: 65 yrs and older
Mental
More active you are the less you show signs
Short term memory fades first
Alzheimer’s Disease- irreversible loss of memory deterioration of intellectual functions, speech and gait disturbances and disorientation
Arteriosclerosis- a thickening and hardening of walls of the arteries can also decrease the amount of blood supply to the brain and decrease mental abilities
Emotional
Some cope well, others become lonely, frustrated, withdrawn and depressed
Deal with retirement, death of a spouse and loss of friends, physical abilities decrease, financial problems and loss of independence and the knowledge that life is ending can cause emotional distress
Social
Can lead to a low self esteem d/t retirement
Development of new social contacts is important at this time
Senior centers golden age groups, churches help provide
Death and Dying
Death is “the final stage of growth”
People react in different ways
Five stages of grief
Denial—refuses to believe. “No, Not me” stage. The person is told of a terminal illness and cannot accept the reality of death or when the person feels loves ones cannot accept the truth. HC worker should listen to the pt and try to provide support without confirming or denying
Anger—when no longer able to deny. “Why me?” or “It’s your fault” the pt may strike out at anyone who come in contact with them and they can become hostile, and bitter. They blame themselves, loved one, or hcw. It is not a personal attack; it is the anger. Provide understanding and support
Bargaining—accepts death, but wants more time. Pts turn to religion and spiritual beliefs. The will to live is strong, they want to see children graduate or get married. So they make promises to God to obtain more time.
Depression—realizes death will come soon and will no longer be with family and friends. May express regrets or withdraw and become quiet. HCW need to be patient and know that it is ok to be depressed. Provide quiet understanding, support and a simple touch and allow pts to cry and express grief
Acceptance—understands and accepts the fact they are going to die. Pts may complete unfinished business and try to help those around them deal with death, at the end they are at peace and can die with dignity. They still require support and the presence of others. Touch is important
Hospice
Palliative care only (care that provides support and comfort)
Often in patient’s home but can be in hospitals, nursing homes
Hospice is not limited to a specific time periods in a pts life usually when dr states less than 6 months. Don’t need the doctor to write for a script; a family member can call hospice to get the ball rolling
Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity and comfort
Provide hospital equipment (beds, wheelchairs, bedside commodes; offer psychological help spiritual, social and financial counseling and provide free or less expensive pain medication
Personal care in hospital it is by staff, in the home, it is provided by home health aides,
Volunteers are very important stay with pt after family leaves, provide support for their patients
After death contact and services remain with the family during time of initial mourning
Right to Die
under these laws specific actions to end life cannot be taken
death is a part of life
Maslow’ Hierarchy of Needs
A noted psychologist developed these and stated the lower needs need to be met first before a person can strive to meet higher needs
Meeting the Needs
Motivation to act when needs felt, if the action is satisfied then you have a
Sense of satisfaction when needs met
Sense of frustration when needs not met
Must prioritize when several needs are felt at the same time
Different needs can have different levels of intensity. The more intense the need is the greater the desire is.
Direct methods
All these methods are directed toward meeting the needs
Students who constantly fail tests and want to pass have a need for success
Indirect methods
These reduce the need and help relieve the tension created by the unmet need
The need is still present but its intensity just decreases
Defense mechanisms-Unconscious acts that help a person deal with an unpleasant situation
Provide methods for maintaining self esteem and relieving discomfort
Rationalization-Reasonable excuse for the behavior to avoid the real reason
Projection-Placing the blame for ones actions on someone else
Displacement-Transferring feelings about a person to someone else
Compensation-Substituting one goal for another to achieve success
Repression-Transferring of unacceptable or painful ideas, feelings, or thoughts into the unconscious mind-- forget
Suppression-Individual is aware of the unacceptable feelings and refuses to deal with them (breast cancer- refuses to dr)
Denial-Disbelief of an event or idea to shocking for a person to cope with (terminal illness)
Withdrawal-Avoids a conflict
Daydreaming -Dreamlike process that occurs when a person is awake b/c not satisfied with reality.
Lecture 4
Human Needs
Needs are often defined as a
Lack of something required or desired
Exist from birth to death
Influence our behavior- they can motivate a person to behave or act so that those needs can be met
Have a priority status
The need for food may take priority over a need for social approval
If you have been without food or water for a period of time, you are going to direct most of your actions towards getting the food and water
Steal even though the consequences may cost you respect or social appoval
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Psychologist developed a hierarchy of needs
The lower needs should be met before the higher needs can be
Need satisfaction at one level before a person is motivated to meeting needs at a higher level
Levels are physiological, safety and security; affection, esteem and self actualization
Think about this for a moment
Physiological needs: Physical, basic needs- food, water, oxygen, going to the bathroom, sleep
Safety: Important after physiological needs are met– feel secure in environment, Need to be free of anxiety/fear
Love and affection: Third level- feel a sense of belonging, can give and receive friendship and love, Includes sexuality
Esteem: Fourth level-Feeling important and worthwhile, self respect, approval of others
Self-actualization: Also called self-realization, Final need- Person has obtained full potential and is what he or she wants to be, confident and self-secure
Lecture 1
introduction of growth and development
growth- spans an individuals lifetime, begins at birth ends at death. measurable physical changes
Development - is the process of becoming fully grown, refers to the changes in intellectual, mental, and emotional, social and functional skills. more difficult to measure
life stages
infancy: birth to 1 yr
early childhood: 1-6 yr
late childhood: 6-12 yr
adolescence: 12-20 yr
early adulthood: 20-40 yr
middle adulthood: 40-65 yr
late adulthood 65 yr and older
each stage of growth and development builds on each other
ta task must be mastered prior to attending the next one for example you learn to crawl before you learn to stand and you learn to stand before you learn to walk
Key terms for the main types of development
physical-refers to body growth and includes height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development and changes in body organs
Mental or cognitive- refers to intellectual development and includes learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations.
Emotional refers to feelings and includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement, and other similar feelings
Social refers to interactions and relationships with other people
Erik Erickson
A psychoanalyst has identified 8 stages of psychosocial development
Infancy
physical
Newborn baby usually weighs 6-8 pounds and measures 18-22 inches long
End of first year weight is usually tripled and height is 29-30 inches
2-4 months- able to lift head, roll side to side, support on arms when prone, and grasp or reach objects
4-6 months- turn body completely around, accept objects handed to them, grasp objects such as a bottle and with support hold head while sitting.
By 8-10 months they crawl sing hands and knees, pull themselves to a sitting or standing position, use good hand mouth coordination.
By 12 months can walk without assistance, grasp objects with thumb and fingers and throw small objects. Usually have 10-12 teeth by end of first year. Eye sight poor may see black and white, only close up and by end of year see far away.
Mental
Birth- can’t speak
2-4 months cooing or babble when spoken to. Laugh out loud and squeal with pleasure
6 months understand some words and can make sound such as mama and dada
12 months understand many words and use single words in their vocabulary
Emotional
Newborns social excitement
4-6 months distress, delight, anger, disgust, and fear
12 months elation and affection for adults is evident
Social
4 months- infants recognize their caregivers, smile readily and stare at others
6 months of age infants watch the activities of others show signs of possessiveness and may become shy or withdraw in the presence of strangers
12 months of age, infants may still be shy around strangers but socialize freely with familiar people, mimic sound and gestures, facial expressions and vocal sounds
Birth to 1 year
