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Evaluate the idea that men's language is defined by competition and…
Evaluate the idea that men's language is defined by competition and women's by co-operation
Zimmerman and West
Found through their research that men interrupt more than women is naturally occurring conversations.
48 interruptions were recorded, 46 of those being from men. This lead Zimmerman and West supporting the dominance model due to the idea that men interrupt far more than women to gain the floor of the conversation.
This could also be seen as men taking conversations as opportunities to present themselves as the most powerful or active participants, further supporting the dominance model, as well as the idea that conversations are a competition for power.
In contrast with this idea,
Geoffrey Beattie
Based his study on university tutorials where it may be necessary to interrupt to gain the floor.
Found that women interrupted men in 33.8% of floor exchanges and men interrupted women in 34.1% of floor exchanges -- no difference!
Tannen's 6 differences:
advice vs understanding
independence vs intimacy
information vs feelings
order vs proposals
status vs support
conflict vs compromise
the left side is very competitive e.g a higher status than others, giving orders because they are of a higher status (or try to be). left side driven by power. right side more considerate and inclusive e.g support, intimacy, compromise
Deborah Cameron's 5 gender myths
men talk about facts & things, women about people, feelings, relationships
men use lang competitively, women use it cooperatively
women more verbally skilled
differences lead to miscommunication between sexes, especially in heterosexual relationships
women talk more than men
differences are context specific
Jennifer Coates
Males and females develop different styles of speaking based on their single- sex friendship groups. She acknowledges that girls have a tendency to play in smaller groups where their relationship can be predominantly built on talk whereas boys play is larger hierarchical groups based on joint activity like sport.
Similar to Coates
Jean Pilkington
Found that women in same- sex talk were more collaborative than men were in all- male talk. Women aim for more positive politeness strategies but men are less complementary and supportive in all- male talk
Janet Hyde 2005 gender similarities hypothesis
differences are context specific
Problems with the statement:
implied assumptions about being competitive or cooperative
is being competitive always a bad things? is being cooperative always a good thing? is it situation specific? is there a time and a place for both? should one be done more than the other? are men always the competitive ones? are women always cooperative?
Is this statement based on stereotypes of men and women and how they communicate.
Jenny Cheshire