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Fundamental Epidemiological Concepts (Person, Place, Time (WHERE is it…
Fundamental Epidemiological Concepts
Case(s)
The fundamental starting point of detecting disease occurrence is the identification of a case or cases of the disease.
Epidemiological Studies
Observational
Studies
The investigator
does not intervene or manipulate the exposure of interest
in the study.
We are simply ‘observing’ what has occurred/is occurring
Interventional
Studies
The investigator
manipulates the exposure(s
) then
compares
what happens to those who had the exposure and those who didn’t!
Person, Place, Time
WHERE
is it occurring?
WHO
is getting the disease?
WHAT
point in time?
HAS
the disease occurrence changed with time?
Definitions
Cohort
: A group of people who shares some common attributes
Association
: The degree to which the frequency of the outcome in persons with a specific exposure is higher or lower than the frequency of the outcome among those without the exposure
Risk
: What is the probability of the disease occurring?
The population must be defined
Who is at risk of getting the disease?
Exposure & Outcome
Exposure
: The risk factor(s)
Outcome
: Disease/Injury
Natural History of Disease
Refers to
the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment
Measures of PPT
Proportion
: It’s used to described the component of a population that is diseases
Rate
: Includes the frequency (count) of disease over a specific period of time
Ratio
: This compares the count on the top to the count on the bottom of a fraction
Count
: The total number of cases of a disease