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An 82 year old patient go for a routine check up. She has a history of…

- - - - Helps body filter blood and get rid of its wastes in urine
        
        Reabsortion
        
        takes place mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron
        
        Nearly all of the water, glucose, potassium, and amino acids lost during glomerular filtration reenter the blood from the renal tubules. Reabsorption occurs primarily by passive transport
        
        Secretion
        
        occurs in the proximal tubule section of the nephron
        
        is responsible for the transport of certain molecules out of the blood and into the urine. Secreted substances include potassium ions, and hydrogen ions. Secretion occurs by active transport
        
        Filtration
        
        Filtration is the movement of water and solutes through the walls of glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule of the nephron, under the pressure of the cardiovascular system.
        
        it is a passsive process and is the initial state of urine formation
        
        produces dilute filtrate
    - - A system that is used to regulate BP if it becomes low
        
        The Kidneys will produce Renin and the Liver produces Angiotensiogen. both of them will come together and make Angiotensin l (inactive form)
        
        The lungs will then produce an enzyme called (ACE) angiotensin converting enzyme. this enyme will convert angiotensin l to angiotensin ll (the active form)
        
        Angiotensin ll will then cause aldosterone to be released which will cause the kidneys to hold on to Na+ which will indirectly hold on to water which will cause BP to rise, and it will also cause vasoconstriction which will also cause BP rise.
    - - a system that is used to regulate BP if it becomes high
        
        the heart will produce ANP which will counteract the RAAS
        
        this will cause vasodilation, suppression of aldosterone, thirst which will cause BP to drop
    - - types of nephrons
        
        Cortical Nephron
        
        preform excretory function and regulatory function of the kidney and diluting urine
        
        Juxtamedullary nephron
        
        involved in concentrating urine
    - - Kidney synthesis Vitamin D to Calcitriol
        
        Calcitriol help with put calcium into the bones
        
        Osteoblast are activated to help put the calcium from the blood into the bone
  - - - Kindey
        
        Filters wates from the blood
      - Ureters
        
        Takes the urine to the urinary bladder
      - Urinary bladder
        
        Stores the urine from that was made by the kidneys and taken from the ureters
      - urethra
        
        takes the urine that was stored in the urinary bladder out of the body
        
        Male
        
        for urination and for reproductive purposes
        
        Female
        
        only for urination
    - - (P. 1. a)
        
        general structure
        
        Renal cortex
        
        The outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla
        
        Renal medulla
        
        Is the innermost part of the kidney that splits into sections
        
        Renal colum
        
        project into the medulla and subdivide into renal pyramids
        
        Renal pyramid
        
        Consist mainly of tubes that transport urine from the cortical, or outer , part of the kidney
        
        Renal sinus
        
        minor calyx
        
        Several calyces merge to form a large major calyx
        
        major calyx
        
        make funnel and creates a renal pelvis
        
        renal pelvis
        
        The renal pelvis merges at the medial edge of the kidney with the ureter
    - - Parts of nephrons (P. 2. 3a)
        
        proximal convoluted tuble
        
        reabsorbtion of sugar, Na+ and Cl- ions, and water from the glomerulus
        
        loop of henle
        
        asending loop of henle
        
        solutes reabsorbed
        
        descending loop of henle
        
        water reabsorbed
        
        bowmans capsule
        
        catches filtration from the glomeruus
        
        distal convoluted tubule
        
        water reabsobed via osmosis, Na+, and Cl- stay in the tubule
        
        Glomerulus
        
        filtration of waste products in the blood. Made of fenestraed capillaries
      - Types of Nephrons (P2.b)
        
        Cortical Nephron
        
        short nephron that barely penetrates the medulla * less concentrated
        
        Juxtamedullary nephron
        
        Their renal corpuscles lie adjacent to the corticomedullary junction , and they have relatively long loops that extend deep into the medulla
    - - (P2.2)
        
        Blood flow through the kidney
        
        Renal artery
        
        segmental artery
        
        interlobar artery
        
        Arcuate artery
        
        1 more item...
      - nephron blood vessels
        
        Vasa Recta
        
        Found on Juxtamedullary nephrons
        
        Peritubular capillaries
        
        Found on the Cortical nephron
    - - macula densa
        
        Found in the juxtaglomeruls apparatus. they hellp to control blood prsssure by vasoconstricting the affrent arteriole.
      - mesangial cells
        
        remove trapped residues and aggregated protein from the basement membrane thus keeping the filter free of debris.
- - - - normally the glomerulus will filter out wastes, but if they are damaged they will filter out so much more like proteins, formed elements, excess sugar and electrolytes.
        
        If bigger things are filtered out through the Kidney tubules they can get stuck inside which will cause the filtrate and or urine to back up into the kidneys.
        
        If that happens the Blood pressure and glomerular filtration pressure will become equal and if they do then you wont be able to filter out the blood anymore
      - since there is a high solute concentration of sugar in the blood, it will cause fluids from surrounding cells to go into the blood to "help" dilute the high concentration sugar in the blood, but in turn cause blood pressure to rise and if thats too high it can causes damage to the blood vessels in the kidney
- - - - Damage to the nephron would lead to the fliteration of other things that are not normally filtered out like formed elements, large proteins, and excess electrolytes.
        
        Damage to the kidney itself can cause problems with aldosterone which is key to regulating blood pressure in the body. if thats messed up it can lead to uncontrolled high blood pressure which would damage the kidney more.
        
        If Aldosterone is high it will cause blood pressure to rise by holding onto Sodium which will indirectly hold onto water
- - - - If that happens it can cause calcium from the bone to be pulled out and into the blood, which would weaken the bone
        
        Osteoclast will be activated and break the bone down in order to put calcium that was stored in the bone into the blood so the body stays in homeostasis
      - High phosphorous levels can also cause PTH to rise
        
        If PTH rises that can contribute to more calcium being pulled out of the bone, which will make the bones more brittle.
        
        If phosphorus rise in the blood it will cause calcium levels in the blood to lower, which in tun causes the Parathyroid glad to release PTH which will then cause calcium from the bone to leave into the blood to try to balance calcium levels
    - - if that cant happen then calcium and phosphorous to be out of balance.
      - without Vitamin D, calcium will not be properly absorbed by the bone and cause the bones to be brittle.