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Development and Morphogenesis (Environmental Complexity (Gravity (vertical…
Development and Morphogenesis
Environmental Complexity
Light
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info about environment
duration
direction
Gravity
weight stress
selectively advantageous
vertical stem
supports more weight
roots
downward growth
minerals
water
shoots
upward growth
pollination
seed distribution
photosynthesis
reliable guide
touch
grow against objects
respond
protective layer
where needed
support
developmental feature
adaptive response
temperature
fluctuates
yearly
daily
plant development
cold temperature
normal flowering
perennial plants
biennial plants
low temperature
induce deep dormancy
temperate trees
shrubs
autumn
induce plants
preparation for winter
mild state dormancy
Water
enough water
growth
not enough water
wilt
possibly die
water scarcity
triggers adaptive response
production of hormone
abscisic acid
more severe
inhibit production leaves
increase cuticle
initiate abscission leaves
Pests and Damage
Pests
bacteria
fungi
insects
attack chemically
toxins
digestive enzymes
physical damage
trample
chew
mechanisms
produces
hemicellulose
cellulose
damage-associated
alert cell
Responding to Environmental Stimuli
Tropic responses
growth response
positive tropism
growth toward
negative tropism
growth away
plagiotropism
angle growth
Tap roots
positively gravitropic
shoots
negatively gravitropic
Branches
plagiogravitropically
secondary roots
plagiogravitropically
touch
thigmotropism
chemotropism
flowering plants
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differential growth
changing direction
growth accelerating
growth slowing
both
Nastic Responses
nongrowth response
:red_cross:oriented stimuli
diurnal
active in daylight
petals
sepals
nocturnal
active at night
photonastic
opening/closing
changes in turgor pressure
movements repeated
sleep movements
Morphogenic Responses
change in quality
fundamental change
metabolism of tissue
metabolism of plant
Taxis
response
positive
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cell toward stimulus
negative
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cell away stimulus
Communication Within the Plant
Perception and Transduction
communication
leaf cells
day length
buds
low temperatures
root caps
statocytes
large starch granules
statoliths
sink
too dense
settle at bottom
factors
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threshold
level of stimulus
higher
bright conditions
unilateral light
stronger
all-or-nothing response
presentation time
length stimulus present
duration
dosage-dependent responses
Chemical Messengers
slow mechanism
hormones
organic chemicals
low concentrations
Auxins
first discovered
positive phototropism
oat seedlings
indoleacetic acid
synthesized artificially
applied to plants
inhibit
mediate
active form
conjugating
attaching
polar transport
basipetally
leaves
shoots
Cytokinins
stimulates cell division
kinetin
artificial cytokinin
first discovered
purines
Gibberellins
125 known
complex metabolism
active hormones
concentrations change
numerous responses
Abscisic Acid
single compound
growth inhibitor
inducing dormancy
Ethylene
gaseous plant hormone
simplest structure
effect in fruit development
positive feedback system
climacteric
Other hormones
brassinosteroids
complex chemicals
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leaf morphogenesis
root growth
stem growth
vascular differentiation
Jasmonic acid
defense
fungi
animals
stimulates adjacent plants
Salicylic acid
resistance to pathogens
Signal Amplification Cascades
Others
Hormones as Signals of Environmental Factors
Leaf abscission
fruits prevented
fruits and leaves
Tropisms
light
pigment needed
absorption spectrum
action spectrum
blue-light responses
coleoptile
Activation and Inhibition of Shoots by Auxin
Cell Elongation
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site of response
Apical Dominance
second site of response
inhibition of growth
Differentiation of Vascular Tissues
Third site of response
cell division
morphogenesis
moves basipetally
Flowering
Ripeness to Flower
certain age
phase change
adult phase
juvenile phase
Photoperiodic Induction to Flower
