Human growth and development

growth

Spans an individuals life time.

begins at birth and ends at death

measurable physical changes

Development

process of becoming fully grown

changes in intelectual, mental, and emotional, social functional skills.

more difficult to measure, but will proceed from simple tasks to more difficult

life stages

infancy- birth- 1 year

early childhood- 1-6 years

late childhood- 6-12 years

adolescence- 12-20 years

early adulthood- 20-40 years

middle childhood- 40-65 years

late adulthood- 65 years plus

physical

body growth, height, weight changes, muscle, nerve development

mental/ cognative

intellectual, learning how to solve problems, make judgement, deal

emotional

Feelings, love, hate, joy, fear, excitement, other similar feelings.

social

Interactions, and relationships with other people.

Erik Erickson

psychoanalyst, identified 8 stages of psycho social development

basic conflicts or needs that must be resolved at each stage.

if an individual is not able to resolve a conflict at an appropriate stage, then the individual will struggle with the same conflict later in life.

Infancy- birth-1 year old

most rapid change occurs during the first year of life.

2-4 months

Lift head, roll, support on arms, grasp/ reach items.

4-6 months

turn body around, hold head while sitting

8-10 months

crawl, pull to sit/ stand, good hand/mouth coordination

12 months

walk without assistance, use thumb and fingers, throw objects

physical

newborn- 6-8 lbs, end of first year- weight triples

reflexes

moro- startle reflex

rootng- slight touch of cheek and head will turn

sucking reflex

grasp reflex

mental

birth- cant speak

2-4 months- cooing when spoken to, laugh out loud.

6 months- understand some words

12 months- understand many words and use single words

emotional

newborns- social excitement

4-6 months- distress, delight, anger, disgust,fear

12 months- elation and affection for adults

social

4 months- recognise caregivers, smile, stare

6 months- possessiveness, imitate, shy, withdrawl

12 months- socialize freely, facial expressions, vocal sounds

Early childhood

1-6 years old

growth not as dramatic

average weighs 45 lbs

average height of 46 inches

adult like appearence learns to write, draw, use utinsils

bladder/bowel control around 2-4 years

Mental

vocab of 1500-2500 words

short attention span

recognize letters and words

makes logical decisions based on past, present, and future.

emotional

develop self awareness

defy limits

gain more control over emotions

understand concept of right and wrong

social

self centered- social

spearaton anxiety from parents

take interests in others

late childhood

6-12

physical

average weight gain of 4-7 lbs per year

avaerage height increase of 2-3 inches per year

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mental

speech is more complex

reading and writing is developed

understand abstract concepts

emotional

10-12 sexual maturation and changes in body

social

7 years- be by them selves

8 years- group oriented

accept opinion of others

Adolescence

12-18 years old

often traumatic

physical

growth spert

muscle coordination

puberty- development of secondary sexual characteristics

mental

increased knowledge

learn to make decisions

accept responsibility

emotional

stormy/conflict

feel insecure

worry about relationships with others

social

spend less time with family

seek security

approval of others

more mature

needs of adolescence

anorexia nervosa- drastically reduces food, or refuses food.

bulimia- fasts, refusal of food.

bulimarexia- induces vomiting or uses laxitives to rid of food that has been eaten

Chemical abuse- use of sustances such as alcohol or drugs and the development of a physical or mental dependence

suicide- one leading cause of death in adolescents.

depression, grieving, failure, influence, lack of self esteem

Early adulthood

19-40years old

most productive lifestage

physical

complete

prime child baring time

mental

peruse education

independence

emotional

stress

cope with worries

learn to accept criticism

social

moving away from peer group

hang around people with similar ambitions

become involved with mate

middle adulthood

40-65 years old

hair thins and turns grey

skin wrinkles

muscle tone decreases

hearing loss

weight gain

physical

mental

ability decreases

understanding of life

confident decision making

emotional

content

emotional foundation

social

depend on family

marriage can be stronger, although divorce is high at this time

late adulthood

65 years and over

senior citizen, elderly

Physical

all body systems affected

age spot

bones become brittle

cartilage thins

kidney/bladder becomes less efficient

mental

if you are more active- your body shows less signs

short term memory fades first

Alzheimer- irreversible loss of memory, deterioration of intellectual functions, speech, and gait disturbances, and disorientation

arteriosclerosis- thickening of and hardening of walls of the arteries can also decrease the mental abilities

emotional

some cope well, and others done

dealing with retirement, physical abilities decrease, financial problems, the knowledge that life is ending.

social

can lead to low self esteem

important to develop new social contacts

need a sense of belonging, financial security and acceptance

Death and dying

Final stage of growth

experienced by everyone

terminal illness

a disease that cannot be cured and will result in death

people react different

fear of abandonment, and lonliness

anxious about loved ones and unfinished dreams

anxiety will diminish when they feel they have led full lives regarding life after death

Dr. Elizabeth Kubler

The leading expert in the field of death and dying, because of her research

identified the 5 stages of grieving

may not be in order, may not go through all of them, or any of them, my go through them all at once.

denial- refuses to believe

anger- no longer can deny

bargaining- accept death, but wants more time

depression- understands and accepts the fact.

Hospice

care that provides support and comfort

often in pt homes, but can be in clinic, or hospitals

philosophy of hospice- to die with dignity and comfort

Right to die

law allowing, Right to Die

encouraged LIVE Promise

learn about the end of life services and care

implement plans or advanced directives to ensure wishes are honored.

voice decisions

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

psychologist developed, and stated- the lower needs should be met first before a person can strive to meet higher needs.

needs

lack of something that is required or desired

needs exist from birth to death

influence our behavior

meeting the needs - motivation to act when needs felt, if the action is satisfied then you have satisfaction, and frustration when it is not met.

must prioritize when needs are felt

direct method

direct toward meeting the need

someone who always fails tests and wants to pass should- study

indirect method

Reduce the need and help relieve tension

defense mechanisms

unconscious acts that help a person deal with unpleasant situation

provide methods for maintaining self esteem and relieving discomfort

Rationalization

reasonable excuse to avoid real reason

projection

placing blame fore ones action on someone else

displacement

transferring feelings about a person to someone else

compensation

substituting one goal for another to achieve success

repression

transferring of unacceptable or painful ideas, feeling, thoughts into the unconscious minds ( forget )

suppression

aware of unacceptable feelings, but refuses to deal with them

Denial

disbelief of an event or idea that is too shocking for a person to cope with

withdrawl

avoids conflict

day dreaming

dream like process that occurs when a person is awake because they are not satisfied by reality

Physiological needs

basic- food, water, oxygen, going to the bathroom, and sleep

safety

important after ^ needs are met

free of anxiety and fear

Love and Affection

3rd level- feel a sense of belonging can give and receive friendship and love

includes sexuality

Esteem

4th level

feeling important and worthwhile, self respect, and approval from others

self actualization

Self realization

final need

person has obtained full potential, and is what he/she wants to be. confident and self secure

meeting needs

motivation to act when needs are felt.

different needs can have different levels of intensity, the more intense a need, the greater desire to meet it.

direct methods

work at meeting the need and obtaining satisfactory

indirect methods

reducing the need, by using defense mechanisms