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Workbook 4 (How can an urban area be sustainable? (ecological footprint- a…
Workbook 4
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POLLUTION TYPES
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
causes:
- industrial pollution- particularly in LEDCs due to a lack of regulation and industrialisation
- urbanisation/suburbanisation- increasing populations and use of energy and burning of fossil fuels
- increased use of vehicles
- burning of wood and charcoal to cook in LEDCS
- physical characteristics- Mexico City- high sunlight causes photochemical smog
effects:
- health problems- respiratory, heart and cancer problems
- formation of smog
- impact on wildlife and biodiversity
- contributing to global warming
management:
- more laws and regulations on what can be emitted
- greener modes of transport
example: London
- Clean Air Acts 1956 introduced smoke free zones
- 1990s imposed regulations on airbourne pollution
- ultra-low emission zone in september 2020, set exhaust emission standards and daily non-compliance charge
- 2003, congestion zone
WATER POLLUTION
causes:
- urbanisation- rapid rural to urban migration in LEDCs putting pressure on water resources
- unregulated dumping of waste into waterways
- modern lifestyles demand huge amounts of water
- growth in tourism- contaminating water through deposition of chemicals and detergent
effects:
- water shortages
- impacts on health
- failing fish stocks
- desertification
- polluting waterways
management:
- strict laws on dumping waste
- more advanced water infrastructure
- more education within homes
- desalination plants
- house pipe bans
example: India
- over 1/2 of rivers were polluted due to domestic sewage- causing impacts on human health- cholera and jaundice
- cleaning of the Ganges
- infrastructure improvements- wastewater recycling
- Ahmedabad- pay children to use the public toilet
URBAN DERELICTION
causes:
- deindustrialisation
- decline in heavy manufacturing due to competition
- industry finding new, more modern locations with better road access
- small scale dereliction of housing caused by falling populations
- old buildings deteriorate
- cost of clearing sites can be very expensive
effects:
- large industrial sites left derelict which become an eyesore, unsafe and attract a negative image for the area
- area for illegal activities such as drug use, vandalism and squatting
management:
- redevelopment
- regeneration
example: Derelict London
- website has over 3,000 photographs of how buildings have changed overtime
WASTE DISPOSAL
causes:
- urbanisation
- modern lifestyles produce large amounts of waste in a great variety which is mainly non-biodegradable
- unregulated dumping of waste particularly in LEDCs
effects:
- impact on natural environment- waterways, oceans, atmosphere and wildlife
- visual pollution
management:
- recycle- councils improve facilities and upgrade vehicle stock
- strict laws and regulations
- exporting waste to other countries
example: Amsterdam
- waste to energy incineration (Afval Energie Bedrijf (AEB))- produced 1 million MW annually
- economically and environmentally better than landfill but still controverisal
- Dutch Government wants to reduce it by 50% to focus on recyling
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COPENHAGEN
SOCIAL:
- only 2% work over 40 hours per week to spend more time with family and friends
- 249 miles of bike routes more than 1/2 cycle to work each day
ECONOMIC
- one of the highest wages in the world, low unemployment
- independent shops and cafes rather than global chains
- reasonable rents
ENVIRONMENTAL
- climate plan 2011- carbon neutral by 2025- half emissions
- integrated public transport- metro, trains, buses
- 2011- offshore wind farm (4% of cities energy)
GOVERNANCE
- high tax- but reduces inequality
- citizens dialogue project- direct public participation
- high income equality- gender equality
influences on waste
ECONOMIC:
- developed countries- richer people- more consumed- more waste
- developing countries use more organic waste (64%)
- developing countries do not have formal waste systems
LIFESTYLES:
- urban produce more waste than rural
- more facilities available- more likely to recycle
- diet- processed food has more packaging
ATTITUDES:
- throw-away culture
- sell by dates
- attitudes towards the environment