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Paper 1 (Social influence (Minority influence (A form of social influence…

- - - - Compliance- A superficial and temporary type of conformity where we outwardly go along with the majority's view,
        but privately disagree with it. The change in our
        behavior only lasts as long as the
        group is monitoring us.
      - Identification- A moderate type of conformity where we act in the same way with the group because we value it and want to be part of it. But we don't necessarily agree with everything the majority believes.
      - Internalization- A deep type of conformity where we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct. It leads to a far-reaching and permanent change in behavior, even when the group is absent.
  - - - Sherif (1985)- Informational social influence study- Lab experiment with a repeated measures design. Sherif used a visual illusion called the autokinetic effect where a stationary spot of light viewed in a dark room appears to move. Participants were falsely told that the experimenter would move the light. They had to estimate how far it had moved. In the first phase participants made estimates individually. In the second phase they were put into groups of 3 and made their estimates with the others present. Finally they were tested individually
        Results- In the first individual phase the results differed widely. Once participants were in a group their estimates became more alike. When retested alone again their estimates were now more like the group estimates rather than their original individual guesses.
        Conclusion- Participants were influenced by the estimates of other people. Participants estimates became more similar because they used information from others to help them- they were affected by normative social influence.
    - - Asch- Normative social influence study: He designed an experiment to see whether people would conform to a majority's incorrect answer when it was obvious it was wrong. He used a lab experiment using an independent group design. In groups of 6 or more, participants judged line lengths by saying out loud which comparison line (1, 2 or 3) matched the standard line. The groups only contained one rel participant- the rest were confederates (helpers of the experiment who acted like real participants). The real participant always went last or second from last so that they heard the others answers before giving theirs. There were 18 trials. on 12 of these trials, all confederates gave the wrong answer (these were called critical trials). In of the trials the confederates gave the incorrect answer (control trials).
        Results- In the control trials, participants gave the wrong answer less than 1% of the time. In the critical trials, [participants conformed to the majority (by giving the same wrong answer) 37% of the time. 75% conformed at least once. Afterwards, some participants said they didn't really believe their answers, but didn't want to look different (compliance).
  - - - The opposite of being in an agentic state is called an autonomous state, which is when the individual feels a sense of responsibility for their own actions. In this situation obedience is less likely.
      - Hofling- Looked at nurses responses to an order from a 'bogus' doctor. An experimenter phoned 22 nurses at different hospitals and introduced himself as Doctor Smith. He asked them to give a patient 20mg of unfamiliar drug. The label on the box stated the maximum dose was 10mg. 21 out of 22 nurses obeyed the instruction given by the unknown doctor.
  - - - Authoritarian characteristics
        
        Those who scored high on the F-scale and other measures were described as having an authoritarian personality
        
        Extreme respect for and obedience to authority
        
        Conscious of their own and others’ status, showing excessive respect to those of higher status
        
        Has fixed and distinctive stereotypes about other groups
  - - - Internal control refers to those people who see that they have a great deal of control over their own behaviour and will take responsibility for their actions.
      - External control refers to those who believe that their behaviour is controlled by other forces such as luck or fate.
      - Oliner and Oliner (1988) interviewed two groups of non-jewish people who had lived through the Holocaust in Nazi Germany. They compared 406 people who had protected and rescued Jews from the NAZIs with 126 who had not done this. Oliner and Oliner found that the ‘rescuers’ had scores demonstrating an internal LOC, suggesting its importance in resisting social influence.
      - Twenge et al 2004 analysed data from American obedience studies over a 40 year period (from 1960-2002). The data showed that over this time span people have become more resistant to obedience but also more external.