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Learning (Classical Conditioning (ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING…

- - - - Salivated at sight of lab assistants
    - - learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
    - - Not under personal control or choice
  - - - involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
        
        (salivation in response to food)
    - - stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
        
        lab assistant (after conditioning)
    - - naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
        
        (food)
    - - learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
        
        (salivation in response to lab assistant)
    - - stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning
        
        lab assistant (before conditioning)
    - - repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS
        
        Organism is in the process of learning that presence of NS predicts presence of UCS
        
        How NS becomes CS
        
        Example: repeated pairings of lab assistant (NS) with food (UCS) until dogs learned to associate lab assistant (now CS) with food (still UCS)
- - - - 2 Pushing lever is only way to escape box and get food
        
        3 Cat accidentally pushes lever →escapes, eats
        
        4 Repeat many times (cat learns to push lever)
  - - - Made no claims about pleasurable vs. unpleasant consequences
    - - Operant behavior: any behavior that is voluntary
- - - - Can lead to phobias
- - - - Most likely to be confused with “negative reinforcement”
  - - - Can escalate into abuse
      - Often ineffective in the long run
- - - - Form of mild punishment
  - - - Learning/performance distinction learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
    - - Two groups of children watched adult model behavior
        
        Control group: watched nonaggressive behavior
        
        Experimental group: watched aggressive behavior
      - Children who watched aggressive behavior were more likely to behave aggressively towards the doll themselves
    - - 2.Memory
        
        The learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show
      - 3.Imitation
        
        The learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model
      - 1.Attention
        
        To learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model
      - 4.Desire
        
        The learner must have the motivation to perform the action
- - - - such as money, however, gets its reinforcing properties from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past
      - any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
    - - presence of (pleasurable) stimulus
    - - A reinforcer such as a candy bar that fulfills a basic need like hunger
      - any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
    - - removal of (unpleasant) stimulus
    - - THE PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
        
        reinforcement of some, but not all, correct responses
        
        Results in desired behavior that is more resistant to extinction
        
        Known as the partial reinforcement effect
        
        Fixed interval: the interval of time required for reinforcement is always the same
        
        Examples: paycheck every two weeks, scheduled exams
        
        Variable interval: the interval of time required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
        
        Examples: checking email, pop quizzes
        
        Fixed ratio: the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
        
        Examples: video games, punch cards
        
        Variable ratio: the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
        
        slot machines, lottery tickets
      - Continuous Reinforcement
        
        reinforcement of each and every correct response
        
        Results in quicker learning of desired behavior
        
        Example: food from vending machine