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Chapters 40 & 41 (Chapter 40: Principles of Animal Form and Function,…
Chapters 40 & 41
Chapter 40: Principles of Animal Form and Function
homeostasis - maintenance of internal balance
feedback
positive feedback: amplifies the stimulus, drives processes to completion, adds up (ex: labor, epilepsy)
negative feedback: the return to homeostasis, counters a stimulus (ex: sweating, birth)
animal organ systems
circulatory: internal distribution of materials (heart, blood vessels, blood)
respiratory: gas exchange (lungs, trachea)
digestive: food processing (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus)
immune and lymphatic: body defense (bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels)
excretory: disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)
endocrine: coordination of body activities (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, & other hormone-producing glands)
reproductive: gamete production, promotion of fertilization, support of developing embryo (ovaries or testes, associated organs)
nervous: coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli, formulation of responses to them (brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs)
integumentary: protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation
skeletal: body support, protection of internal organs, movement (skeleton: bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
muscular: locomotion (skeletal muscles)
thermodynamic regulation
ectotherm: heat mostly from external sources, seek shade or sunny spots (ex: lizards, amphibians)
endotherm: warmed by heat generated by metabolism, higher metabolism, stable body temperature (ex: mammals, birds)
animal tissues
connective tissue: sparse pop. of cells in extracellular matrix, holds tissues and organs together, found in tendons, bones, cartilage, and near organs
muscle tissue: filaments with actin & myosin, body movement, found attached to bones(skeletal), in walls of internal organs(smooth), and in the heart(cardiac)
epithelial tissue: sheet of cells, cover outside of body & line organs and cavities, barrier against injury, pathogens, and fluid loss
nervous tissue: contains neurons and glia, receive, process, and transmit information
Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition
digestion
digestion - food processing, physical, chemical, intracellualr, extracellular
absorption: small intestines, nutrients are absorbed
ingestion - feeding (ex: filter feeders, bulk feeders, substrate feeder, fluid feeders)
elimination: ridding of the material that was not absorbed
human digestive tract
pharynx: between mouth and espohagus/trachea
esophagus: passageway to stomach
mouth: physical digestion
stomach: carries out most chemical digestion
small intestine: absorbs nutrients
pancreas
liver: produces bile
gallbladder: stores bile
large intestine
rectum
nutritional differences
carnivores: consume other animals, high rate of metabolism (ex: hawks, spiders)
omnivores: consume plants and animals, bosy suitable for both sources of food, better-adapted opportunistic feeders (ex: most people, rats, crows)
herbivores: consume plant material, longer short intestine (ex: deer, cows)