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Chapters 40 & 41 (Animal Nutrition (human digestive tract (oral cavity…

- - - - eat plants and algae
        
        adaptations include a long alimentary canal to digest grass, molars with flat surfaces to chew grass
        
        herbivores can't eat meat because they don't have the teeth to bite into it or chew it
    - - eat other animals, plants, and algae
        
        adaptations include having molars and canines to chew both meat and plants, long alimentary canals
    - - eat other animals
        
        adaptations include canines to chew meat
        
        carnivores cannot eat grass like herbivores do because they don't have the long alimentary canal to digest it
  - - - essential amino acids: the amino acids animals must obtain from food because they are not synthesized by their enzymes
        
        amino acids are the monomers of proteins
        
        animals require 20 amino acids to make a complete set of proteins
        
        acquired through food such as meat, eggs, and cheese
      - essential fatty acids: the fatty acids animals must obtain from food because they lack the enzymes to from the double bonds found in some fatty acids
        
        fatty acids are the monomers of lipids
        
        fatty acids are needed to synthesize cellular components such as membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, and storage fats
        
        acquired through food such as seeds, grains, and vegetables
    - - organic molecules (contain carbon)
      - aid in calcium absorption, bone formation, production of connective tissue
    - - inorganic molecules (don't contain carbon)
      - functions include bone and tooth formation, acid-base balance, components to certain amino acids
- - - - food processing
      - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
    - - internal distribution of materials
      - heart, blood vessels, blood
    - - gas exchange
      - lungs, trachea, breathing tubes
    - - body defense
      - bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
    - - disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood
      - kidneys, uterers, urinary bladder, urethra
    - - coordination of body activities
      - pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland
    - - gamete production, promotion of fertilization, suport of developing embryo
      - ovaries, testes, and their associated organs
    - - coordiantion of body activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them
      - brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
    - - protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration
      - skin, hair, claws, sweat glands
    - - body support, protection of internal organs, movement
      - skeleton
    - - locomotion and other body movement
      - skeletal muscles