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Ch 25 Populations and Ecosystems (Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats…
Ch 25 Populations and Ecosystems
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
tolerance range
between the low and high extremes
Soil Factors
pioneers
first plant that invade a new soil
must tolerate several conditions
A horizon
uppermost
zone of leaching
B horizon
zone of deposition
C horizon
parent rock and rock fragment
Latitude and Altitude
Disturbance
Biotic Components of the Habitat
Plant Itself
Other Plant Species
mutualism
interaction is beneficial for both organisms
competition
disadvantageous for both organisms
competitive exclusion
species that is less adapted is excluded from the ecosystem by superior competitors
niche
the set of conditions exploited best by one species
ecotypes
race of a species that are adapted to a particular environmental factors in certain parts of the species range
transplant experiment
plants are transplanted to another spot to live in common ground with another plant
Organisms Other than Plants
commensal relationships
one species benefits and the other is unaffected are also common between plants and animals
predation
relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed
browsing
eating twigs and plants
grazing
eats herbs
Habitat
set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
Operational Habitat
aspects of the habitat that definitely affect a plant
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries
Limiting factor
water
light
various nutrients
Local
random distribution
no obvious identifiable pattern to the position of individuals
clumped distributions
spacing between plants is either large or small but rarely average
uniform distributions
occur in orchards and tree plantations
all individuals are evenly spaced
Age Distribution: Demography
age distributions
=demography
relative young portions, middle aged, and old individuals
generation time
length of time from the birth of one individual until the birth of its first offspring
affect population growth
biotic potential
number of offspring produced by an individual that live long enough to reproduce under ideal conditions
carrying capacity
symbolized by K
number of individuals in each population that can live in a particular ecosystem is limited
r- and K-Selection
r-selected species
annuals or small shrubby
K-Selection
douglas firs, bristle cones
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
physical size and shape, and their distribution in relation to each other and physical environment
Temporal Structure
changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time constitute
Species Composition
refers to number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
Tropic Levels
basically feeding levels
primary producers
autotrophs
primary consumers
herbivores
secondary consumers
carnivores
decomposers
fungi and bacteria
break down remains of other organisms
energy flow
