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Chapter 15: Genes and Genetic Basis of metabolism and Development…
Chapter 15: Genes and Genetic Basis of metabolism and Development
Storing Genetic Information
The structure of genes
genes are composed of
structural region
codes for
amino acid sequence
promoter
upstream from structural region
TATA box
when damaged
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promoter sequences
enhancer elements
promoter region
exons
sequences of nucleotides
codons are expressed
introns
nucleotides not expressed
The Genetic Code
stop codons
UAG
UGA
UAA
they signal ribosomes to stop
start codon
AUG
signal the point mRNA
degenerate
because most codons exist for most amnio acids
transcription of genes
transcription
hairpin loop
small kink in RNA
RNA polymerase
not introns and exons
hnRNA
Protecting The Genes
Way One
messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries information from DNA
to the site of protein synthesis
if damaged it can be replaced
DNA does not participate in protein synthesis directly
way two
Most DNA is stored in the nucleus, protected from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope
way three
Histone proteins hold most nuclear DNA in an inert, resistant form.
Histones form aggregates
DNA wraps around them
nucleosome
binds into tightly coiled configuration
chromatin
exposed directly to DNA-digesting enzymes
called DNases
Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
read genetic message
each is made of subunits
proteins
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
found is cytoplasm is
80S
large and dense
of plastids, mitochondria, and prokaryotes
70S Ribosomes
tRNA
read by ribonucleic acid
3 nucleotide sequence
anticodon
anticodon
`amino acid attachment site
amino acid activation
mRNA Translation
initiation to translation
translation
synthesis pf protein
initiation
process involving the start codon AUG
nucleotides in wrong sets of three
frameshift error
elongation of the protein chain
subunit contain initiator
P channel (P fro protein)
A channel (A for Amino acid)
Termination of Translation
stop codon pulled into
A channel
elongation cannot occur
protein synthesis involves
RNA polymerase transcribes hnRNA
Control Of Protein Levels
control of transcription
transcription factors
protein bind to promotor or enhancer regions
bind to DNA
trans-acting factors
cis-acting factors
promotors
enhancers
TATA boxes
gene expression
controlled by
micro-RNAs
Analysis Of Genes and Recombinant DNA techniques
identifying DNA fragments
evolutionary studies
restriction map
restriction fragment length polymorphism RFLP
physiological studies
mRNA mixed with
reverse transcriptase
complementary DNA cDNA)
expression profiling
use cDNAs to examine gene expression
DNA microarray
DNA cloning
DNA fragments placed bacteria
plasmid
short circular piece of DNA
several plasmids
genetically engineered to be DNA fragment
vectors
the polymerase chain reaction
Restriction Endonucleases
class of bacterial enzymes
restriction endoncucleases
sequence recognized by a restriction endonuclease
running in opposite directions
Palindromes
DNA repair enzyme
DNA ligase
DNA fragments come together
Recombinant DNA
DNA sequencing
chain termination method
DNA sequenced is first cloned to obtain a large sample
pyrosequencing method
DNA is added to solution with all enzymes for replication
open reading frame (ORF)
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
solution of single stranded DNA molecules
DNA melting
DNA denaturation
reformation of double stranded DNA by cooling a solution
of single stranded DNAs
DNA hybridization
rennealling
Viruses
virus structure
small particles
contain protein
nucleic acid
when first discovered they could not be seen in a microscope
retroviruses
contain single stranded RNA
plant viruses are
split genome viruses
virus metabolism
viruses that attack bacteria are called
bacteriophages
plants
virus in crop plant
multiplies and dominates quickly
virulent
animals
fungi
protozoans
algae
prokaryotes
formation of new virus particles
tobacco mosaic virus
self assembly process
animal viruses nad baceriophages
last protein made is enzyme
destroys host cell
causing it burst to burst (lyse)
