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Memory- Long Term (models of consolidation- standard model squire, Cohen…
Memory- Long Term
models of consolidation- standard model squire, Cohen and nadel 1984- retrograde amnesia is due to problems with consolidation. hippocampal consolidation- initial encoding of new info into the hippocampus. systems consolidation- transferring info from the hippocampus to other brain regions for LT storage
models of consolidation- LTM stored in the cortex via someme form of trace, forming the trace takes time as different cortical sites cant initially commincte, hippocampus0 acts as a temp memory and also then facilitates communication between different sites in the cortex to enable a cortical trace to be established that supports the memory.
interaction= crucial in supporting the formation of memories. continued activation- enables these difference cortical sites to communicate- consolidation continues in cortical eras but the hippocampus is no longer needed- ribots law
nadal and mosocvith 1997- multiple trace theory - damage to ippocampsu removes some of these traces (created by consolidation process) and as newer memories have fewer traces, this creates the temporal gradient.
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HM- Milner, corkin and teber 1968 - very little retrograde amnesia . severe but ntot total anterograde amnesia- Milner et al 1968 could also remember 20% of people who became famous after 1953- fiailure to encode new information
NA - tuber, Milner, vaughan 1968 - persistent anterograde amnesia- after stab wound of the basal brain, verbal material was more affected than non-verbal , perception and vigilance were intact
claparede 1911- amnesiac patient- patient could not recognise claparede he had to reintroduce himself every few mins- patient didn't want to check his hand anymore
explicit and implicit- list of words, dermal, Talbot , chandler and wolbarst- amnesias showed a typical priming effect- even though much worse explicit memory for the prime list words.
stem completion- fill in blanks to form a work- amnesias performed as well as controls, even though they were much worse on free recall and recognition memory tasks
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procedural memory- skills- schacter 1983- tested on amnesiacs memory - gold, memory was impaired, knowledge of the game, dana 1894 and Starr and Phillips 190- patients learnt new skills
procedural- hm and mirror drawing task corking 1968- slower learning rate, did not remember doing task on each subsequent day, learning also less flexible
procedural - pursuit motor task- HM poor declarative memory e.g. famous faces, shoed evidence of procedural memory - corkin 1968,
procedural- travel, damasio, Brandt 1994- 28 amnesias- learning'sg on pursuit rotor comparable to healthy controls- Boswell severe impairement
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mnemonic-items to be mentally placed in familiar locations, inference- study right before sleeping ad review all the material right before the exam, context reinstatement- try to study in the same environment and mod in which you will be taking the exam
superior memory- Erickson 1988- meaningful encoding, retrieval structure and practise
implicit/procedural/eclarative memory- things we learn that we don't really notice - refers to learned skills - can become automated and require little attention - Graf and Schacter 1985
Amnesia e.g. HM - Milner, corkin and Teuber 1968: memory generally poor for events after operation
Clive wearing- anterograde and retrograde amnesia- lacks both the ability to form new memories and recall some aspects of his past memories
Korsakoff syndrome- alcohol related problem= brain damage- loss of episodic memory- dermal 1976- also damage to frontline's lobes
episodic memories compared with semantic memories- skiers et al 2001, usually associate with damage to cortical and neocortical structures
retrograde amnesia- inability to recall information from before the incident, often can occur with anterograde amnesia. retrograde- in the absence of anterograde - is called focal retrograde amnesia
kaput, young, Bateman and Kennedy 1989- patient with retrograde amneisa- no anterograde amnesia
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temporal gradient amnesia- ribots law- recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories. Butters and dermal 1986- PZ - earlier info had occurred the better recall he had from it
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retrograde amnesia and consolidation- temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia and the link to hippocampus damage led to theories about how memories might be consolidated - process in the brain that makes the memory for an event enduring
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