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Memory- Short-Term (curci and luminet 2006- 9/11 attacks important due to…
Memory- Short-Term
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levels of processing: craik and Lockhart 1972: shallow/physical: detecting specific letters in words, detecting fonts, colours etc, detecting sounds. Deep/semantic: recalling facts, creating sentences, associations
multiple component views: working memory replaced the concept of the short term store- baddeley and hitch 1974. memory operates o n information too so, storage plus processing . performs complex tasks important for moment to moment functioning
Baddeley and hitch 1974- central executive- drives the whole system , deals with cognitive tasks, decides what working memory pays attention to, more to do with attention, capacity limited
phonological loop- can be conceptualise as the inner ear. two components: phonological stores- concerned with speech perception and articulatory control processes concerned with speech production and rehearsal
phonological similarity effect- recall 25% worse with a phonologically similar list, compared to a dissimilar list
secondary task on chess moves- effects of secondary tasks on quality of chess move selection in stronger and weaker playes- adapted from Robbins et al 1996, selecting chess moves involved the central executive and the visa-spatial sketchpad but not the phonological loop
memory span is lower for words taking a long time to say , daddeley et al 1975- word length effect persists even when output delay is controlled by using a recognition memory test- ignores confound of orthographic neighbourhood
visuo-spatial sketchpad- can be conceptualised as the inner eye, used in the temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information, visual information will travel through this sketchpad
Logie argues for 2 components of visuo spatial working memory- visual cache- stores information about visual form and colour. Inner scribe= processes spatial and movement information, involved in rehearsal of information in visual cache and transfers information from the cache to the central executive
episodic buffer- explains how long term memory can influence processing in STM- baddeley and Wilson 2002- limited capacity system. limitations- unclear how all difference info is integrated and limited work on smell and taste memory
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encoring- transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system
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we can conceptualise memory: social issues, need for love, mental health, physical factors and use of medication
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long term memory- once information passes from sensory to short term memory it can be encoded into long term memory , unlimited capacity, info lost by interference
patient O,C, from Oliver sacks after stroke patient could hear old songs loudly she could hear lyrics from her childhood
flashbulb memories- detailed memories people have of certain dramatic world events- brown and kulik 1977
bohannon 1988- challenger disaster - 2 weeks later recall of info was reduced to 77% by 8 months 58%, decays like normal memory, stored in LTM especially if includes a strong emotional cue, amygdala- lays down LTM (emotional centre in the brain)
Conway et al 1995- bohanons study did not use an event that people felt impacted on their lives - thatcher
talarico and rubin 2003- 9/11 attack - flashbulb memories decade the same as everyday memories- they feel the flashbulb memory is stronger
lack of encoding- we don't encode features to remember an object/ event. decay- memory traces erode with the passage of time Jenkins and dallenbach 1924- no longer a valid theory of forgetting
forgetting in LTM- result of some memories interfering with others. proactive interferece= old memories interfere with ability to remember new memories. retroactive interference- new memories interfere with ability to remember old memories . - strongr when material is similar.
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