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Learning (any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by…

- - - - Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) = a naturally occurring stimulus
        that leads to an involuntary response
        
        like food
      - Unconditioned response (UCR) = an involuntary response to a
        naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
        
        like salivitation in response to food
      - Conditioned response (CR) = learned reflex response to a
        conditioned stimulus
        
        Example: salivation in response to lab assistant
      - conditioned stimulus (CS)= stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
        
        lab assistant (after conditioning)
      - Neutral stimulus (NS) = stimulus that has no effect on
        the desired response prior to conditioning
        
        like lab assistant (before conditioning)
      - Acquisition = repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS
        
        Organism is in the process of learning that presence of NS
        predicts presence of UCS
        
        How NS becomes CS
        
        example; repeated pairing of lab assistant (NS) with food (UCS) until dogs learned to associate lab assistant (now CS) with food (still UCS)
      - higher -order conditioning= occurs when strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.
        
        Example: Pavlov snapping his fingers before turning on
        the metronome
        
        After conditioning to make metronome strong CS
        
        Sequence: NS—CS—CR
        
        Presented occasionally with UCS to avoid extinction
      - cognitive perspective= modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.
      - conditioned emotional response( CER)= emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
      - vicarious conditioning= classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
- - - - an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice.
    - - so he discovered classical conditioning
        
        learning to make an involuntary response to an stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces the responses.