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LEARNING (any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by…
LEARNING
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
Physical change to some part of the brain
creation of new synapses/connections
Strengthening of existing ones
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning: discovered by pavlov a psychologist studying salivary reflex in dogs
Reflex: a involuntary response
Dogs started salivating before they were suppose to : salivating at sight of lab assistants
Discovered classical conditioning
Classical conditioning: learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response. Ex: Food
Unconditioned response (UCR): an involuntary response to a naturally occuring or unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): stimulus that become able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original
Conditioned response (CR): learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. Ex: salivation in response to lab assistance
works best when
CS comes before:
CS predicts UCS
UCS quicky follows CS:
No more than 5 seconds between them
UCS and CS paired together times:
CS is strong predictor for UCS
CS stands out from other:
CS is distinctive predictor of the UCS
Key Feaures
Stimulus generalization: response to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS
Stimulus discrimination: response to a different stimuli in different ways
Extinction: Presentation of the CS in the absence of the UCS leads to reduction in the CR
Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of a previously extinguished CR
High-order conditioning: occurs when strong CS is paired with new neutral stimulus; new previously neutral stimulus becomes a second CS
why does it work?
Cognitive Perspective: in classical conditioning, modern theory in which conditioning is seen to occur because the CS provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the UCS
Conditioned emotional response (CER): emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
Can lead to phobias
Vicarious Conditioning: classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
Conditioned taste aversion: is one situation were classical conditioning can occur quickly without repeated pairings
Pavlov: stimulus substitution occurs where the CS comes to activate the same part of the brain that was originally activates by the UCS
Another Experiment ws John B. Watsos's " Little Albert" experiments
Loud sound (UCS) paired with white rat (CS)
Albert became afraid of rat,rabbit,dog,coat, and mask
Operant Conditioning: B.F Skinner Believed psychologists should only study measurable, observable behavior
made no claim about pleasurable vs unpleasant consequences
Coined the term "operant conditioning"
-Operant behavior= any behavior that is voluntary
Operant conditioning: the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to response
Differences between Operant and Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning:
Learning depends on what happens before the response
Automatic, involuntary behavior
Operant Conditioning:
Learning depends on what happens after the reponse:
Voluntary behavior
Reinforcement : anything that, when following a response, increases the probality that the response will occur
Primary reinforcer: any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger , thirst, or touch
Secondary reinforcer: any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise,tokens or gold stars:
becomes a reinforcer through classical conditioning
Primary reinforcer is UCS
Secondary reinforcer is CS
Positive reinforcement: presence of (pleasurable) stimulus
Negative reinforcement: removal of (unpleasanr) stimulus
Continous reinforcement: reinforcement of each and every correct response
Results in quicker learning of desired behavior
Ex: food from vending machine
Partial reinforcement: reinforcement of some,but not all, correct responses
Results in desired behavior that is more resistant to extinction:
know as the partial reinforcement effect
FIxed interval: the interval of time required for reinforcement is always the same:
Examples: paycheck every two weeks, scheduled exams
Variable interval: the interval of time required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Example: checking email, pop quizzes
Fixed ratio: the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Example: video games, punch cards
Variable ratio: the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Example: slot machines, lottery tickets
Timing of reinforcement: influences speed of learning, strength of learned response, and subsequent behavior pattern
Shaping: reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior
Successive approximation: small steps, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior
Some limits to shaping
1 more item...
Punishment: Anything that, when following a response, decrease the probability that the response will occur again
Positive Punishment : Presence of (unpleasant) stimulus
Punishment by application
Generally not recommended for children:
Can escalate into abuse
Often ineffective in the long run
Negative punishment: removal of ( pleasant) stimulus:
Punishment by removal:
most likely to be confused with " negative reinforcement"
Often better for child development
Thorndike's Law of Effect:
if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence , it will tend to be repeated
If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
Observational learning: learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Learning/ performance distinction: learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment:
Control group : watched nonaggressive behavior
Experimental group: watched aggressive behavior
Children who watched aggressive behavior were more likely to behave aggressively towards the doll themselves
Elements of Observational learning
Attention: To learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model
Memory: The learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show
Imitation; The learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model
Desire the learner must have the motivation to perform the action
Behavior Modification : use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
Token economy: desired behavior rewarded with tokens
Time-out: misbehaving animals, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others
Form of mild punishment
Applied behavior analysis (ABA): modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired or response
Latent learning, insight learning, learned helpleness
Observational learning