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Inheritance of Traits (Mutations (Types (Frame Shift (caused by (insertion…
Inheritance of Traits
Mutations
NOT caused
translation
transcription
Caused
Problem w/ DNA
Inherited
Spontaneous
environmental factors
completely randomly
DNA replication errors
Types
Frame Shift
caused by
insertion
deletion
Nonsense
changes code to a stop codon
Point
caused by base substitutions
transition
A<->G, C<->
transversion
A/G<-->C/T
mispairing
A-C, G-T
Missense
codes for a different protein
Silent
Conservative
ends up coding for same type of AA
Nonconservative
ends up coding for different type of AA
Large Scale
at chromosomal level
inversion
2 genes on same chromosome switch places
Translocation
gene swapping b/w nonhomologous chromosomes
Effects of Mutations
bad
cystic fibrosis
good
anti-biotic resistance
lethal alleles
dominant ex: Huntington's disease onset at 40
recessive need 2 copies
Dominance
one trait can dominate another
Incomplete dominance
a mixing or blending of traits
ex: blood type
A&B are codominant, O is recessive
independent assortment
same chromosome = linked traits
genes on different chromosomes not linked
Sex-linked
humans
22 pairs autosomal chromosomes
1 pair sex determining chromosome
dad determines gender
mutations
ex: colorblindness, hemophelia