Mary 1
Rebellions (Law and Order)
Lady Jane Grey 1553
It failed for 2 reasons, 1)It was seen as a power grab by Northumberland 2) Her claim to the throne was weak and people wanted a Tudor on the throne
Wyatt rebellion 1554
A member of the gentry who wanted to replace Mary with Elizabeth because of her marriage to Phillip
It failed because she gave a speech to London stating how she was married to the role of Queen and bound to the duty of her country as apposed to Phillip. The people of London were convinced and shut the rebels out of London before they reached the city.
He was executed along with Lady Jane Grey, Dudley and 100 other rebels
She never wanted the crown in the first place. She was also smart and never let her husband make any key decisions as king and resisted Northumberland's demands.
Key People
William Paget: He was appointed to the privy council by Mary despite having little experience in government
Foreign Policy
Religion
Government under Mary
Restoration the Catholic faith took priority over all other matters in government
Problems she faced after her accession
She inherited a kingdom that had fundamental religious divisions
She was a Catholic in a kingdom of Protestants after Edward's time on the throne
She had not been brought up to rule, and had very little in the way of political instinct to help her cope with the challenges with which she was confronted
Her loyal and trusted supporters had no serious experience in government
Mary would have to rely ob the people that had served her half brother and were therefore implicated in the introduction of religious reform that she was against
She was the first female monarch (excluding Lady Jane Grey) to rule in her own right which was a huge challenge as men thought that women did not have the capacity to rule alone
Her new councilors
Bishop Stephen Gardiner who had been her father's secretary and had been a steadfast upholder of of religious conservatism during Edward's reign which he was imprisoned for
She appointed other churchmen that had been excluded from influence under Edward's reign
Some of the more conservative councilors who had served under Edward most importantly Lord Paget
She appointed 50 new councilors during her reign which is though to have been the cause of her inefficient faction ridden government. However she had a smaller working council inside the council that had people like Paget and Winchester that had the key decisions
She never fully trusted any of her key advisers eg. Paget didn't fully support her religious reform, Gardiner who had been in power under Henry VIII failed to support her mother when her farther sought the annulment in 1533
Mary often fought Parliament over the issue of succession
80 MP's opposed her reversal of the Edwardian religious reform
Cardinal Pole: He went into exile after refusing to hear Henry VIII religious reform in 1533 and returned to England under Mary in 1554 as the Archbishop of Canterbury. His influence diminished under Pope Paul IV who regarded him as a heretic
Stephen Gardiner: He had lost his post as Bishop of Winchester under Edward and was imprisoned under Edward because of his Catholic views. Under Mary he was reinstated as Bishop of Winchester and was appointed Lord Chancellor
Was forced to rely on her foreign advisers from Spain and France (Renard and Charles V her cousin)
The Spanish marriage 1554
It was advised against by the majority of government as they did not want England to become a pawn of a European power
Mary regarded it as essential that she provide a Catholic heir to the throne so her Catholic reform could continue. This was important to her as her half sister Elizabeth was Protestant and would undo all her work
Mary did not want to marry and English man as she knew it would make rivalry even more of an issue and she did not want the person she married to take the crown and all the power it held as she would lose her position of power
Phillip was decided on because Simon Renard was a Spanish citizen and wanted to succeed for his King and Charles V another trusted adviser was the Farther of Phillip and wanted to strengthen his political influence over England through a marriage of his son and cousin
Terms of the marriage
Phillip was to be given the title of king but was to exercise none of the power that went with he title
No foreigners were permitted to hold any English offices
If Mary died before Phillip then he could not claim the English crown in his own right
If any children were produced they were not allowed to leave the country with Phillip
Phillip was not impressed by Mary as she was 10 years older than him (27 and 37) and she was not the best looking as many years of stress and sadness had taken its toll. Because of this Phillip spent as little time as possible in England
Mary's 2 main aims
She aimed to restore Papal supremacy in England
Marry Phillip (heir to the Spanish throne)
England went to war with France in 1557 after France tried to start a rebellion using Thomas Stafford grandson of the Duke of Buckingham who had been executed in 1521 to usurp Mary. This failed and led to England declaring war on France. This however was not what Mary wanted as it meant she was technically fighting a war against the Pope
Cardinal Pole: went into exile rather than accept Henry VIII's religious reform. He returned to England under Mary in 1554 and was made Archbishop of Canterbury
Stephen Gardiner: Had lost his position as bishop of Winchester and was imprisoned under Edward becuase of his Catholic views. Under Mary he was reinstated as bishop of Winchester and was also appointed Lord Chancellor
Phillip of Spain: Was the son of Mary's cousin (Charles V) He was ruling over Spain and the Netherlands on behalf of his father who he succeeded in 1556 and, like Mary, was a devout Catholic
Thomas Wyatt: Was a member of the gentry who organised a rebellion to usurp Mary in 1554 as he disagreed with Mary's religious reform he sought to put Elizabeth (who was Protestant) on the throne instead. He failed and was executed along with Dudley and 100 other rebels
Paul IV: Was elected Pope in 1556 who was very anti-Spanish and disapproved of Cardinal Pole who he called a heretic.
Charles V: Was the Holy Roman Emperor until 1556. Was Mary's cousin and trusted adviser who suggested Phillip as a husband
Thomas Cranmer: The adviser to Henry VIII who helped with the divorce of her mother (Catherine of Aragon) and was burnt despite proclaiming Mary as Queen and converting to Protestant
Foxe: Published the Book of Martyers in 1563 condemning Mary as Bloody Mary for burning over 300 Protestants
First steps 1553-1554:
August- September 1553: Many Protestants were removed from their posts in government, Cranmer was arrested, Latimer,Ridley and Hooper were imprisoned
October 1553: The First act of repeal was passed this removed all religious doctrine that Edward had imposed returning the Church to its position in 1547
March 1554: Royal injunctions were issued and Bishop had to repress heresy, remove all married clergymen and restore Holy Days. Key bishops were also removed and replaced with devout Catholics
Bolder steps 1555
1555: Second Act of repeal undid all the religious reform since 1529 and the Henrician reformation. The Pope was reinstated as the head of the church however none of the monastic land was restored to the Pope
Wyatt rebellion was cause by Mary's religious reform he managed to gather 15,000 and was only halted outside London because of the speech Mary made in London that rallied the people to her side
Other events
Publication of the Book of Homilies in 1555
John Rogers who was a bible translator was marked as a heretic by Mary and was the first person to be burnt under new heresy laws in 1555
Ridley and Latimer were both burnt for heresy at oxford in 1555
Cranmer was removed from office and replaced by Pole as the Arch Bishop of Canterbury
Economy
Foreign policy
Made a lot of religious changes law and burnt over 300 Protestants at the stake for not converting to Catholicism. Was supposed to work as a deterrent but it did not work
Began the army's reform. This was carried on by Elizabeth to eventually become the militia act in 1862
The Spanish Marriage 1554
This marriage was unpopular in Mary's government as they feared that it would result in England becoming a part of the Spanish Empire as they thought Phillip would gain the title of King of England and Mary would be come the King's Consort
However the alternative to this marriage would have been to marry a member of the nobility which would cause an imbalance in the court as it would effectively give that noble family control of England
The marriage treaty that was drawn up made it very clear that Phillip would not gain any of the power in England that came with the title and that if any children were born then he could not take them out of the country. The treaty also stated that if Mary was to die before Phillip then he would lose the title and have no power at all over England and its people
Phillip was not impressed by his new wife and spent very little time in England because of it. However Mary adored Phillip
Spain went to war with France in 1555 due to the appointment of an anti-Spanish Pope earlier in 1555 which was an issue due to Mary's marriage and aim to reinstate the Pope in England now interfered with each other
After France supported a very weak rebellion which landed in Scarborough in 1557 against Mary she joined Spain against France in the Franco-Spanish war meaning she was now at war with the Pope
In January 1558 Mary lost Calais which was the last territory that England held in France and had done for over 300 years which damaged Mary's royal authority significantly
Negatives
Debasement of the coinage also continued which also increase rate of inflation
Harvest failures in 1555 and 1556 brought severe food shortages and severe strains on the real wages of the poor
The epidemic of sweating sickness that swept the country in 1557 and 1558 led to a mortality rate not seen since the black death (6%)
The continued pressure of demand brought about by the rising population caused inflation to increase at an even faster rate
Positives
The Court of the Exchequer too over both the Court of Augmentations and the Court of First fruit and tenths this lead to money collecting process to be much more efficient which was amplified by the use of new, superior, accounting methods
She drew up the plans for the recoinage of the currency which were implemented under Elizabeth improved the crown finances significantly
Elizabeth's economic efficiency was down to the efficiency of Mary's planning
Mary's government was more active in the implementation of poor relief mainly due to the high mortality rate due to the epidemics of influenza and sweating sickness
They came down on grain hoarders and it was strongly encouraged by Mary's government to turn the pasture land into tillage to grow more crops to feed the population