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Mary 1 (Key People (William Paget: He was appointed to the privy council…
Mary 1
Key People
William Paget: He was appointed to the privy council by Mary despite having little experience in government
Cardinal Pole: went into exile rather than accept Henry VIII's religious reform. He returned to England under Mary in 1554 and was made Archbishop of Canterbury
Stephen Gardiner: Had lost his position as bishop of Winchester and was imprisoned under Edward becuase of his Catholic views. Under Mary he was reinstated as bishop of Winchester and was also appointed Lord Chancellor
Phillip of Spain: Was the son of Mary's cousin (Charles V) He was ruling over Spain and the Netherlands on behalf of his father who he succeeded in 1556 and, like Mary, was a devout Catholic
Thomas Wyatt: Was a member of the gentry who organised a rebellion to usurp Mary in 1554 as he disagreed with Mary's religious reform he sought to put Elizabeth (who was Protestant) on the throne instead. He failed and was executed along with Dudley and 100 other rebels
Paul IV: Was elected Pope in 1556 who was very anti-Spanish and disapproved of Cardinal Pole who he called a heretic.
Charles V: Was the Holy Roman Emperor until 1556. Was Mary's cousin and trusted adviser who suggested Phillip as a husband
Thomas Cranmer: The adviser to Henry VIII who helped with the divorce of her mother (Catherine of Aragon) and was burnt despite proclaiming Mary as Queen and converting to Protestant
Foxe: Published the Book of Martyers in 1563 condemning Mary as Bloody Mary for burning over 300 Protestants
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Religion
First steps 1553-1554:
August- September 1553: Many Protestants were removed from their posts in government, Cranmer was arrested, Latimer,Ridley and Hooper were imprisoned
October 1553: The First act of repeal was passed this removed all religious doctrine that Edward had imposed returning the Church to its position in 1547
March 1554: Royal injunctions were issued and Bishop had to repress heresy, remove all married clergymen and restore Holy Days. Key bishops were also removed and replaced with devout Catholics
Bolder steps 1555
1555: Second Act of repeal undid all the religious reform since 1529 and the Henrician reformation. The Pope was reinstated as the head of the church however none of the monastic land was restored to the Pope
Wyatt rebellion was cause by Mary's religious reform he managed to gather 15,000 and was only halted outside London because of the speech Mary made in London that rallied the people to her side
Other events
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John Rogers who was a bible translator was marked as a heretic by Mary and was the first person to be burnt under new heresy laws in 1555
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Foreign policy
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Spain went to war with France in 1555 due to the appointment of an anti-Spanish Pope earlier in 1555 which was an issue due to Mary's marriage and aim to reinstate the Pope in England now interfered with each other
After France supported a very weak rebellion which landed in Scarborough in 1557 against Mary she joined Spain against France in the Franco-Spanish war meaning she was now at war with the Pope
In January 1558 Mary lost Calais which was the last territory that England held in France and had done for over 300 years which damaged Mary's royal authority significantly
Foreign Policy
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England went to war with France in 1557 after France tried to start a rebellion using Thomas Stafford grandson of the Duke of Buckingham who had been executed in 1521 to usurp Mary. This failed and led to England declaring war on France. This however was not what Mary wanted as it meant she was technically fighting a war against the Pope
Government under Mary
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Her new councilors
Bishop Stephen Gardiner who had been her father's secretary and had been a steadfast upholder of of religious conservatism during Edward's reign which he was imprisoned for
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She appointed 50 new councilors during her reign which is though to have been the cause of her inefficient faction ridden government. However she had a smaller working council inside the council that had people like Paget and Winchester that had the key decisions
Cardinal Pole: He went into exile after refusing to hear Henry VIII religious reform in 1533 and returned to England under Mary in 1554 as the Archbishop of Canterbury. His influence diminished under Pope Paul IV who regarded him as a heretic
Stephen Gardiner: He had lost his post as Bishop of Winchester under Edward and was imprisoned under Edward because of his Catholic views. Under Mary he was reinstated as Bishop of Winchester and was appointed Lord Chancellor
Economy
Negatives
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Harvest failures in 1555 and 1556 brought severe food shortages and severe strains on the real wages of the poor
The epidemic of sweating sickness that swept the country in 1557 and 1558 led to a mortality rate not seen since the black death (6%)
The continued pressure of demand brought about by the rising population caused inflation to increase at an even faster rate
Positives
The Court of the Exchequer too over both the Court of Augmentations and the Court of First fruit and tenths this lead to money collecting process to be much more efficient which was amplified by the use of new, superior, accounting methods
She drew up the plans for the recoinage of the currency which were implemented under Elizabeth improved the crown finances significantly
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Mary's government was more active in the implementation of poor relief mainly due to the high mortality rate due to the epidemics of influenza and sweating sickness
They came down on grain hoarders and it was strongly encouraged by Mary's government to turn the pasture land into tillage to grow more crops to feed the population