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Respiratory System (Respiratory Disorders (Emphesyma (Cyanosis (Blue skin…

- - - - Adrenocarcinoma
      - Small cell carcinoma
      - Squamous cell carcinoma
  - - - Oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
  - - - Blue skin due to lack of oxygen in blood and tissue
  - - - 30 respirations/min
    - - 25 respirations/min
    - - 40-80 respiration/min
    - - 12 to 18 respirations/min
  - - - Insufficient oxygen in tissues
- - - - Inspiraton
        
        Flow of air into lung
      - Expiration
        
        air leaving the lungs
  - - - Scalenes muscles, sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor
  - - - Moving air in and out of the lungs
    - - Oxygen carried by oxyhemoglobin in blood
    - - Exchange of gases between blood and body cells
  - - - Diaphragm and rib muscles relax
- - - - Gas exchange between blood and eternal environment
      - Passageways to lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air
    - - Nasal Cavity
        
        Olfactory receptors located in the mucosa on the superior surface
        
        The rest is lined with respiratory mucosa
        
        Moistens air
        
        Traps incoming debris
        
        Lateral walls have conchae
        
        Increases surface area
        
        Increases air turbulence
      - Paranasal Sinuses
        
        Cavities within bones
        
        Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxillary bone
        
        Lightens the skull
        
        Resonance chambers for speech
        
        Produce mucus
      - Nose
        
        Air enters nose through external nares (nostrils)
        
        Nasal Cavity is divided by nasal septum
      - Pharynx
        
        Oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
        
        3 regions of the pharynx
        
        Nasopharynx--- Superior region behind the nasal cavity)
        
        Oropharynx--- middle region behind the mouth
        
        Laryngopharynx--- Inferior region attached to larynx
        
        Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
  - - - Apex is near clavicle
      - Base rests on diapragm
      - Occupy most of thoracic cavity
      - Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
    - - Passage ways for gas
        
        Secondary bronchi
        
        Tertiary bronchi
        
        Primary bronchi
        
        Bronchioli
        
        Terminal Bronchioli
    - - Formed by the division of the trachea
      - Enters the lungs at hilus
      - Right Bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left, due to the presence of the heart on the left side
      - Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller bronchus
    - - Alveolar Duct
        
        Branch from bronchioles
      - Alveoli
        
        Out-punching of alveolar duct
        
        Sites of gas exchange surrounded by capillaries
        
        Produce surfactant which allows alveoli to expand
    - - Fairly rigid because of the C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage to keep airway open at all times
      - Lined with ciliated mucosa
        
        Beat continuously in opposite direction of incoming air
        
        Mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
      - Connects Larynx with bronchi
    - - Between alveoli and capillaries
        
        Oxygen enter blood
        
        Carbon dioxide enter alveoli
      - Macrophages add protection