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Genetics (Monohybrid Crosses # (Monohybrid Crosses with Incomplete…

- - - - reduce chromosomes
        
        diploid to haploid
  - - - first filial generation
        
        F2 generation
    - - RR or rr
    - - Rr
  - - - pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
    - - probabiltiy
  - - - expressed
  - - - different phenotypes are possible
- - - - single base converted to another
  - - - important ones are:
        
        UV light, X-rays, radiation from radioactive substances
        
        certain chemicals
        
        many man made
    - - insertion sequence and transposons
      - powerful tool for genetic analysis
  - - - may code for protein with bad active site
  - - - happens in cells
        
        never lead to sex cells
  - - - recognize and remove mutations
      - recognize base mismatches, loops, other problems
      - minimize the number of errors that occur in the first place
- - - - independently or dependent
  - - - alleles move independently to the alleles of other
      - chromosome
        
        duplicated during S phase
      - homologous
      - Meiosis I + II
  - - - usually don't undergo Independent assortment
      - linked together
        
        heterozygius for 2 traits
      - Recombinant Chromosomes
        
        from crossing over
- - - - two chromatids
  - - - two strands separate
        
        forms replicon
        
        free nucleotides diffuse/pair with bases
        
        ribonucleotides
        
        primer RNA
        
        acts as substrate
        
        for DNA polymerase #
        
        semiconservative replication
- - - - all genes in nucleus undergoes this
      - alleles of both parent
    - - maternal inheritance
      - megagamete
    - - pollen parent? ovule parent?
  - - - its presence can kill the plant :warning:
        
        if detected, eliminated
  - - - diploid gametophytes and diploid gametes
    - - don't undergo mitosis after S phase
    - - change in chromosome number
      - 2 chromatids may remain together
      - DOWN SYNDROME
- - - - result of complex metabolic process
      - ex: R in flower trait #
        
        red color
- - - - DNA nucleotides
        
        guides the construction of RNA/proteins
        
        alleles
        
        differ
        
        arises by mutation
        
        if nucleotide sequence is mutated
        
        new sequence is new allele
        
        Genotypes
        
        types of alleles
        
        phenotype
        
        expression of allele
      - identical nucleotides
        
        identical physically