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Genetics (Mutations (Effects of mutations (Depends on its nature, position…

- - - - something that causes mutations
      - Transposable elements
        
        DNA that change positions from one to the other
        
        two basic forms
        
        Insertion sequences
        
        a few base pairs long
        
        contain genes that code for enzymes
        
        Transposon
        
        much longer insertion
        
        genes that code for proteins
        
        proteins not associated with transposition
        
        powerful tool for genetic engineering and analysis
      - Chemicals, ultra violate rays, xrays, radiations
  - - - mutations in leaves, roots wont be passed to offspring
    - - important if it affects vegetative offshoot
  - - - when base pair(s) are lost
    - - addition of base pair(s)
    - - A piece of DNA put in backwards
- - - - parents
      - Offspring are F1
        
        if offspring interbreeds they are F2
      - each parent said to be homozygous
      - Red + White flower causes pink
        
        this is incomplete dominance
  - - - produces a selfing
    - - if a large # of heterozygotes are selfed
  - - - these are polymorphic #
      - polymorphic genes us X1 X2 X3 X4
  - - - dominant trait
        
        the trait that shows
        
        represented with capital letter #
      - recessive trait
        
        the trait that while carried doesnt show
        
        represented with lowercase letter
- - - - nucleotides pair with its bases
    - - each strand has 1 new molecule
      - each strand has one old molecule
  - - - the existing framents
      - new pieces of DNA grow toward them
      - Original primer rnas are depolymerized
  - - - go to one of the double helixes
      - new octamers added to both
- - - - genes on two different alleles
      - genes move independently
      - all genes align during metaphase I
        
        during metaphase II two chromatids sepereate
        
        independent alleles end up together
        
        four haploid cells produced
  - - - two genes that are far apart cross
        
        most chromosomes so long that it occurs a lot
      - the farther apart the more likely
- - - - each cell has many mitochondria
      - presence of DNA mutants dont result in phenotypes
    - - responsible for variegation
        
        presence of spots that are not green
      - cells have many plastids
        
        each cells has a mixture of plastid types
  - - - respiration
      - DNA replication
      - Cellulose synthesis
      - structure of histones
  - - - dipliod gametohpytes
    - - plants tolerate it
    - - usually healthy
      - diploid pollen and eggs are produced
    - - deleterious mutations not eleiminated
      - ake extra copies of genes
      - can be recognized as duplicate alleles