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Spine and back - Upper Limb (Lecture 6 - Cervical spine and back…
Spine and back - Upper Limb
Lecture 6 - Cervical spine and back
Vertebrae
C1 The Atlas
C2: The Axis
C7: Vertebrae prominens
C3 Typical Vertebrae
Ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligaments
Posteror ligament
Nuchal ligament
Anterior ligament
Connection of skull
Anterior arch of axis
Cruciform ligament
Alar ligament
Dens of axis fit into foramen of axis
Muscle
Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Levator scapulae
Platysma muscle innervated by the
facial nerve
Hyoid bone
Connected by infrahyoid muscles
Ensures coordination in larynx, cartilage and bone
Front of neck, superior to vocal cord
Carotid sheath
Encloses Internal jugular vein
Encloses Vagus nerve
Encloses Common carotid artery
Muscles behind
Pre-vetebral (anterior side vetebrae)
Lateral vertebral (lateral side vertebrae)
Fascia
Alar fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Superficial investing fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Spaces
Parapharangeal space -
next to
the pharynx
Retropharangeal space -
behind
the pharynx
Vertebral artery
1/4 blood supply of brain
Split = stroke
Large enough split = loss of conciousness
Lecture 5 - Lumbar Spine & Back
Curvatures
Newborn
Kyphotic curve
Adult
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Cervical lordosis
Curvature issues
Hyperlordotic
Hyperkyphotic
Vertebrae structure
Transverse process
Spinous process
Vertebral body
Articular facet
Lamina
vertebral arch
Pedicle
Types of vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
bigger bulkier
no rib articulation
short & thick spinous process
Sacral and Coccygeal vertebrae
Sacro illiac joint
Spinal nerves come out anterior and posterior sacral foramen
Thoracic vertebrae
elongated spinous process
tripod articulation
bulky transverse process
rib articulation
Cervical vertebrae
two transverse foramen
triangular
spinous process bifurcates
Vertebral movements
Cervical vertebrae C2-C7
Facet orientation:
Oblique
(
45 degrees
between
transverse
and
coronal
planes)
Major movement:
flexion
/
extension
,
lateral
flexion
,
rotation
Thoracic vertebrae
Facet orientation:
almost coronal
Major movement:
limited rotation
C1 atlas and C2 axis
Facet orientation:
almost transverse
Facet orientation:
almost transverse
Lumbar vertebrae
Facet orientation:
almost sagital
Major movement:
flexion
/
extension
,
lateral flexion
Skull C1atlas
Facet orientation:
Convex
(occipital),
concave
(atlas)
Facet orientation:
Convex
(occipital),
concave
(atlas)
Vertebral canal
Protective meninges
Arachnoid mata
Pia mata
Dura mata
Spaces
Epidural space
(extra-dural) (contains posterior and anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Subarachnoid space
(contains
CSF
)
Vertebrae conditions
Spina Bfida
Spina bifida occulta
- defect covered with skin and often a patch of hair
Spina bifida cystica
- nerves and meninges protruding through the defect
meninges
§
Meningocele
- meninges protruding only
§
Meningomyelocele
- neural tissues (spinal nerves or cord) and meninges protruding
§
Rachischesis
- failure of neural tube products to form in the area
Vertebral disc
Annnulus fibrosis
Nucleus Pulposis
Shock absorption
Muscle
Ligaments
posterior longitudinal ligament
supraspinous ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament
interspinous ligaments
ligamentum flavum
Muscles
Intermediate
Erector spinae
Thoracis
Lumborum
Cervicis
Erector groups
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
Spinalis
Deep
Superficially
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi: innervated by thoracodorsal nerve
Trapezius: innervate by acessory (cranial XI)
Levator scapulae
Rhomboideus major
Rhomboideus minor
Core stability
Muscles (Superficial to deep)
external oblique
internal oblique
rectus abdominus
transversus abdominus
A to P and P to A forces
Excercise
Neutral spine
Breathing steadily
Find point between two movements