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Chapter 40-41 (Chapter 40 (11 Organ Systems in Mammals (Circulatory (Heart…

- - - - thicker skeletons maintain adequate support.
      - muscles required for locomotion must represent an ever larger fraction of total body mass.
  - - - Heart, blood vessels, blood
    - - Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
    - - Mouth, Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
    - - Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
    - - Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
    - - Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormonal-secreting glands
    - - Ovaries or testes and associated organs
    - - Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
    - - Skin and its derivatives (hair, claws, sweat glands)
    - - Skelton
    - - Skeletal muscles
  - - - Top layer of the surface. Open to the Lumen (the space in the hollow organ)
    - - The cells are cubed shaped, but all of them together is tube shaped
    - - Beneath of the Apical surface.
    - - Brick-shaped, longer than they are tall. Columns.
    - - Super thin and “squished” together.
    - - Used for protection. The skin of a human is stratified, bc the top layer of your skin is protecting the inside.
    - - One layer of cells.
    - - Single-layered. They look stratified but they're not.
    - - Has cilia on it
  - - - Binding things together (glue)
      - Protection (fat - insulation, cartilage - keeps bones from hitting)
      - Storing Fuel (fat)
      - Transportation (blood)
      - Anywhere we have things stuck together, we use connective tissues
    - - stuff/material outside the cells. Used as the glue
    - - Other fibers that are “webbing” or mesh around the body
    - - Bone production
    - - Other fibers that allow you to stretch your body.
    - - Most common and strongest fiber
    - - Make tissues and fibers
    - - (having a “blast”): busy, young, immature, always doing stuff
    - - Adult or retired cells. Kinda stopped building stuff waiting to be called into action.
  - - - Has striations. They are the length of your bones.
    - - No striations. Digestive tract, bladder, blood vessels, are moved by smooth muscle. Rhythmic in movements (pulse)
    - - Found in the heart. Has striations. Looks like skeletal muscle cells except they are much shorter and you can see where they branch off.
    - - stripes perpendicular to the length of the cell.
  - - - long hair like extension that sends the single
    - - other cells in the system that helps neurons. (Ex: Shwan cells)
    - - branches that receives the signals
  - - - Most are, but some aren't
    - - Pituitary, Thymus, Thyroid, Testes, Adrenal, Pancreas, etc.
  - - - signals that travel to specific target cells along communication lines consisting mainly of axons.
      - can act on other neurons, on muscle cells, and on cells and glands that produce secretions.
      - travel along axons as changes in voltage
  - - - warmed mostly by heat produced by metabolism. An internal source of heat (mammals, birds)
    - - heat is from external environment (amphibians)
    - - an animal whose body temperature varies with its environment
      - Version of ectoderm
    - - has a relatively consistent body temperature
      - Version of ectoderm
  - - - transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
    - - transfer of heat by movement of air/liquid past the body.
    - - transfer of heat between two objects that are touching
    - - removal of heat from the surface of a liquid as it changes to gas.
- - - - Monomers: monosaccharides (glucose), single sugar, fructose
    - - Monomers: Glycerol- fatty acid chains (oils and fats)
    - - Monomers: amino acids
    - - Monomers: nucleotides
  - - - chewing is physical digesting, breaks down the food into smaller pieces to increase surface area for chemical digestion.
    - - breaks bonds through the addition of water
    - - two openly complete digestive tract
    - - animal cells absorb small molecules
    - - rids the body of undigested material
  - - - well developed and complete digestive system; mouth, muscular pharynx, esophagus, crop, and gizzard, leading to the intestine ending in anal opening
    - - full digestive system; mouth, esophagus, stomach, and anal opening; mouth has “teeth” in their radula
    - - mouth, leading to a muscular pharynx and intestine, leading to the rectum and anal opening at the outer end
    - - foregut (pharynx and esophagus to stomach), midgut (stomach), hindgut (colon and anus), food is moistened, stored in crop, gastric cecae
    - - extracellular digestion, digested materials taken into gut cells by phagocytosis (one opening)
    - - mouth (underside), stomach and anus (on top); sea stars can do external digestion and push their stomach
    - - extracellular digestion, food is drawn into he gastrovascular cavity, enzymes are secreted and cells lining the cavity absorb nutrients
    - - ingest food, all have mouth, stomach, intestine and anal opening, alimentary canal
    - - diffusion of O2, rely on constant water flow, chanocytes create the flow of water through the pores
  - - - (trying to get a marble through a tube, you have to push it through even tho it might not fit)
  - - - Storage: the stomach can stretch to accommodate the food
      - Process food into a liquid suspension
    - - Hydrochloric acid - low pH helps unfold proteins, exposing their peptide bonds
      - Protease (pepsin) - breaks down peptide bond into smaller polypeptides
    - - Pariental Cells - use ATP driven pump to expel hydrogen ions and chloride ions are diffuse into the lumen through the membrane channels of parental cells.
      - Chief cells - releases pepsin inn a inactive form into the lumen called pepsinogen
      - Goblet Cells - mucus producers to protect stomach lining
    - - Pepsinogen becomes active
      - pepsin then help activate the reminding pepsinogen into pepsin by exposing active site, like HCl.