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Genetics (Mutations (mutations (point mutation (smallest mutation,…

- - - - more likely to produce less useful than a more useful form
    - - the minority beneficial
        
        natural selection eliminates the deleterious mutations
  - - - unless it occurs in species that undergo extensive vegetative reproduction
  - - - something that causes mutations
        
        UV light
        
        X-rays
        
        certain chemicals
        
        radiation
    - - several ways
      - due to short regions of self-complementary sequence
    - - can be caused by many methods
        
        a variety of enzymes cut and rejoin DNA
    - - pieces of DNA that readily change their position from chromosomes
      - 2 basics forms:
        
        insertion sequences
        
        only a few thousand base pairs long
        
        contain the genes that code for enzymes actually involved in cutting the insertion sequence out
        
        transposon
        
        like an insertion sequence
        
        except it may be much longer
        
        carries genes that code for protein
        
        protein not associated w transposition
  - - - smallest mutation
      - affecting the least amount of DNA
    - - piece of DNA is lost
    - - addition of extra DNA
    - - a piece of DNA becomes tangled and breaks
        
        during repair, it is put in backwards
- - - - the trait that is dominant
    - - the trait that is not dominant
  - - - homozygous recessvies that are kept pure
  - - - plants own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
    - - used to analyze/understand the results of a cross
  - - - paretns
    - - offspring of parents crossbreeding
      - F1
    - - 2 identical alleles for a gene
    - - 2 different alleles for a gene
    - - neither parent train dominates the other
- - - - forms a "bubble"
  - - - DNA polymerase #
        
        this adds deoxyribonucleotides onto the end of primer RNA
        
        this replication is semiconservative replication
  - - - forms 2 new complete molecules
- - - - the 2 genes become linked
    - - they usually don't undergo independent assortment
    - - last 2 cells from a crossing over
    - - first 2 cells from a crossing over
    - - how space between mutant alleles is measured
      - also known as centimorgan
  - - - the alleles of one gene move independently of the others
- - - - alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the progeny
      - all genes in the nucleus undergo this
    - - from the maternal parent
    - - presence of spots or sectors that are white, red, or orange
        
        on an otherwise green plant
  - - - plants w more than 2 sets of chromosomes
      - all plants with an even ploidy level:
        
        can undergo meiosis
        
        are fertile
      - all plants with an odd ploidy level
        
        are sterile like triploids
    - - during second division of meiosis,
        
        the 2 chromatids may remain together,
        
        so 1 daughter cell receives both copies of the chromosome,
        
        whereas the other receives none
    - - genes still so similar to the wild-type
        
        they can be recognized as having originated as duplicates of it
    - - multiple copies
  - - - presence can kill the plant
- - - - neither parent train dominates the other
    - - 2 different alleles for a gene
    - - 2 identical alleles for a gene
    - - F1
      - offspring of parents crossbreeding
    - - paretns
  - - - used to analyze/understand the results of a cross
    - - plants own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
  - - - homozygous recessvies that are kept pure
  - - - the trait that is not dominant
    - - the trait that is dominant
- - - - a piece of DNA becomes tangled and breaks
        
        during repair, it is put in backwards
    - - addition of extra DNA
    - - piece of DNA is lost
    - - affecting the least amount of DNA
      - smallest mutation
  - - - 2 basics forms:
        
        transposon
        
        carries genes that code for protein
        
        protein not associated w transposition
        
        like an insertion sequence
        
        except it may be much longer
        
        insertion sequences
        
        contain the genes that code for enzymes actually involved in cutting the insertion sequence out
        
        only a few thousand base pairs long
      - pieces of DNA that readily change their position from chromosomes
    - - can be caused by many methods
        
        a variety of enzymes cut and rejoin DNA
    - - due to short regions of self-complementary sequence
      - several ways
    - - something that causes mutations
        
        radiation
        
        certain chemicals
        
        X-rays
        
        UV light
  - - - unless it occurs in species that undergo extensive vegetative reproduction
  - - - the minority beneficial
        
        natural selection eliminates the deleterious mutations
    - - more likely to produce less useful than a more useful form
- - - - the alleles of one gene move independently of the others
  - - - also known as centimorgan
      - how space between mutant alleles is measured
    - - first 2 cells from a crossing over
    - - last 2 cells from a crossing over
    - - they usually don't undergo independent assortment
    - - the 2 genes become linked
- - - - forms 2 new complete molecules
  - - - DNA polymerase #
        
        this adds deoxyribonucleotides onto the end of primer RNA
        
        this replication is semiconservative replication
  - - - forms a "bubble"
- - - - presence can kill the plant
  - - - multiple copies
    - - genes still so similar to the wild-type
        
        they can be recognized as having originated as duplicates of it
    - - during second division of meiosis,
        
        the 2 chromatids may remain together,
        
        so 1 daughter cell receives both copies of the chromosome,
        
        whereas the other receives none
    - - all plants with an odd ploidy level
        
        are sterile like triploids
      - all plants with an even ploidy level:
        
        are fertile
        
        can undergo meiosis
      - plants w more than 2 sets of chromosomes
  - - - presence of spots or sectors that are white, red, or orange
        
        on an otherwise green plant
    - - from the maternal parent
    - - all genes in the nucleus undergo this
      - alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the progeny