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Information as capability for action and capital in synthetic worlds.…

- - - - Procedural Literacy - Bogost (via Gee)
        
        Harvenian: "Persistent synthetic worlds, at their core, consist of programmed code (Vesa 2013). They can be thought of as information retrieval systems of increasing complexity, ones where the retrieval systems themselves have been embedded in the user interface (Jørgensen 2013). The elements of their structure, and the affordances with which users interact, are their keywords as well as retrieval interfaces. When players learn to play and improve their skills at playing, or when users of non- gaming worlds learn the interfaces, they are effectively reading the information system, comparing it to other systems, and adjusting their information practices accordingly."
        
        Bogost on environmental storytelling and Gone Home. Think of latter explanation as a informational retrieval system: "At best, the result becomes a reasonably plausible setting for a semi-playable story. At worst, it amounts to a complicated menu system for selecting narrative fragments. Arbor House is most alive in its closets—an apt metaphor for the game’s themes."
        :tada:
        
        PLAYER AVATAR. Bogost : "She mostly functions as a cursor you move to experience the story, so gaps in her exposition are easily sorted out in the player’s head. "
        
        Bogost, I. (2016). Perpetual Adolescence. How To Talk About Videogames, 172–180. https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816699117.003.0020
  - - - (Bates 1989; McKenzie 2003; Wilson 1999).
- - - - Theories She uses
        
        ELIS (Savolaeinen)
        
        Sort of mentions Dervin
        
        Wilson (1981) using the terms active
        search and passive search. Erdelez’s (1999) uses the terms information seek- ing and browsing, and Toms (1998) uses searching and browsing. McKenzie
        
        Specifically Chooses MacKenzie (2002). Chose this version as it is not solely cognitive but also social, which leads well with dramaturgical perspective
        
        dramaturgical perspective
      - Dramaturgy
        
        really about social interaction, which isn't my thing.
      - Method: ethnographic. City of heroes.
        
        Ethnography has artifacts
- - - - Csikszentmihalyi's Flow
        
        Anxiety / Challenges
        
        Boredom / Skills
    - - Meaningful Choices
    - - Parasocial Interaction
      - Grounded Cognition - Why emotional techniques in games and films work.
    - - Visceral - Feeling like you're in the body.
      - Cognitive
      - Social - Inhabiting their social persona
      - Fantasy - Alternate Fantasy of Self.
    - - Uncertainty in Games - Costikyan
- - - - Savolainen, R. (2015b). The interplay of affective and cognitive factors in information seeking and use. Journal of Documentation, 71(1), 175␣197. doi:10.1108/JD- 10-2013-0134
      - Savolainen, R. (2013). Approaching the motivators for information seeking: The viewpoint of attribution theories. Library & Information Science Research, 35(1), 63␣68.
      - Emotions as Motivators - Savolainen
        
        Appraisal theory:
        
        Four different criteria make some significant
        
        goal relevance
        
        intrinsic (un)pleasantness
        
        coping potential
        
        novelty
        
        "Thus, thanks to appraisal, emotions have a strong motivational force that typically produces states of action readiness to help individuals adapt to or deal with important events and situations in their lives (Mulligan & Scherer, 2012)."
        
        ACTION READINESS: "Action readiness refers to a motivational state pertinent to one's relationship to some object appearing in a situ- ation or in the context of an event. The"
        
        5 actions prompted by further appraisal: Avoid, Start, Expand, Limit, Terminate
        
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        Feelings in Kuhlthau aren't conceptualized as motivational factors, however. Instead, her's are more related to mood. As such, they are not included in Savolainen's conceptual model.
        
        But beginning and avoiding information seeking was similar here with Kuhlthau and Heinstrom as it related to mood. Same with avoidance.
        
        Heinström, J. (2010). From fear to flow: Personality and information interaction. Oxford, UK: Chandos
        
        Personality Traits = Affective Dispositions
        
        Savolkainen on Heinstrom: "For instance, negative affectivity manifests itself in anxiety-driven information seeking. It tends to be frantic, with a narrow focus on threat-related stimuli and ways to control and eliminate them."
    - - Nesset, V. (2013). Two representations of the research process: The preparing, searching, and using (PSU) and the beginning, acting and telling (BAT) models. Library & Information Science Research, 35(2), 97␣106.
      - Julien, McKechnie, and Hart (2005) and Lopatovska and Arapakis (2011) - comprehensive reviews of the information behavior and information retrieval literature, documenting the role of affect in shaping information seekers’ activities.
        
        Devvin and Reinhard (2007) as well
      - Given's (2007) - Range of emotions students experience when looking for academic text
      - ISP - Feeling and Student Practice with regard to research
        
        Kuhlthau ISP (2004)
        
        Her time studies with students have been duplicated in virtual learning environments (2000) - Byron, S. M., & Young, J. I. (2000). Information seeking in a virtual learning environment. Research Strategies, 17, 257–267. https://doi-org.proxy.mul.missouri.edu/10.1016/S0734-3310(01)00055-6
        
        Looks like there was an escape room study (poster) that used her model. Choi, D., An, J., Shah, C., & Singh, V. (2017).
        Examining information search behaviors in small physical space: An escape room study. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science & Technology, 54(1), 640. Retrieved from http://proxy.mul.missouri.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=125841356&site=eds-live&scope=site
        
        But it didn't include the emotion in ISP? Weird.
        
        Something to remember in my Comm study: there may not be any satisfaction at the end of the task because they didn't get to finish the story.
    - - Zillman and Bryant (1985) - Material selection based on "therapy" diffusing and amping up of feelings.
    - - Social-behavioral psychology perspective.
        
        Affective behavior determines cognitive behavior
        
        Mental activity is behavior.
        
        Microbehaviors in the search process. (remember where something was, synonyms, etc.)
        
        These microbehaviors are connected to an affective state
        
        Methodology: Self-reports
        
        Affective behavior is binary: on/off, negative/positive. Cognitive behavuir us multivalue
        
        Methods: affective - bipolar scales / cogntivie - mu;tiple choice.
        
        METHODOLOGY: IT HAS TO BE ONCURRENT.
      - AL = U [IRRITATION + FRUSTRATION + ANXIETY + RAGE] X TP
        
        "Affective load is high when people operate with inneffective cognitive behaviors
        
        T
        
        This results in: Giving up or negative "learned affective norms" (LANs) -
        
        Miller Behavioral Style - Monitoring and Blunting
        
        "M&B theory fills the gap in the research on information behavior by providing insight into information seeking as a coping mechanism."
        
        "M&B seems to be related to and support both Krikelas's (1983) information seeking model and Dervin's (1992) Sense-Making model..."
        
        Deferring and acting on information needs.
        
        Krikelas Information Model
        
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        Not an empirical study, but is a good recap on horror games, emotion, and monitoring and blunting: http://www.cosignconference.org/downloads/papers/perron_cosign_2004.pdf
- - - - Facial recognition, however, does not equal emotion recognition. - Fasel and Luettin
        
        "Examples of studies
        Picard et al. (2001), Scheirer et al. (2002), Partala and Surakka (2003), Bamidis et al. (2004), Chandra and Calderon (2005), Mooney et al. (2006), Partala et al. (2006), and Wilhelm et al. (2006)"
- - - - Why not just do retrospective?. p170
        
        "overt verbalizations... and micro events" (Ericsson & Simon
        
        Affective, cognitive, and sensorimotor Norman (2004)
        
        Prompts users in 6 steps according to her social-biological technology model.
        
        BReaks down discourse by normans biological IS systems
        
        This is all well and good and maybe I could use it, but these "Embarrassment" scales and what not wouldn't work.
- - - - RESULTS: Moreover, our findings reveal that users’ emotions progressively transit from positive to negative valence, as the degree of task difficulty increases. This suggests that the affective feedback should be treated differently as the task difficulty increases; and thus we should interpret the relevance indicators accordingly.
        
        Which relates to Tzeng (2004) and Nahl, (2005) outlined in this article.
        
        Lopatovska, I. (2007). SEARCHING FOR GOOD MOOD : EXAMINING Authors.
        
        Environmental Storytelling and Games as Information Retrieval Systems with Emotion?
        
        Environmental storytelling creates the preconditions for an immersive
        narrative experience in at least one of four ways: (Jenkins 2005)
        
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        There's definitely more of a sense of urgency and task complexity in Life is Strange. Gone Home is more about the experience and story itself.
        
        Narrative Architecture and Henry Jenkins
        
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        Factor's that affect feeling: system design and performance, searchers performance, and successful task completion.
        
        Also:
        "task and perceptions of task difficulty, user’s interest in a
        search process or a document, and moods and attitudes prior to and during the search."
        
        Purpose: The previous research has led us to believe that the nature of search task and its difficulty level contribute to the mood experienced during the search. We also found evidence that the mood prior to the search and interest in the search task influence searchers’ feelings. We conducted a study to test the hypothesis that a search task topic, task sequence, task difficulty level, searchers’ interest level in the task, and mood prior to the search affect mood reported after the completion of search tasks. Based
        
        Method: PANAS Questionnaire, Before and after each search task. A low complexity and high complexity task. W/ Latin Square design.
        
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        And thus has implications for affective feedback.
        
        :question: SO HOW DO YOU PROMOTE FLOW IN THE IS PROCESS? Especially if difficulty just leads to anger?
- - - - Movement through an environment and decision where to move next really is just query reformulation, isn't it?
        
        Types of Feedback for Relevance
        
        Explicit Feedback
        
        Implicit Feedback.