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Genetics (mutations (transposable elements (insertion sequences (a few…

- - - - giving the DNA
        
        a G-U base pair in place of a G-C base pair
  - - - nature
      - position
      - extent
    - - gene to code fro a protein
  - - - are somatic mutations
  - - - prokaryotes
      - algae
      - protozoans
  - - - in DNA
  - - - point mutation
  - - - to short regions of a self complementary
  - - - caused by
        
        small piece of foreign DNA is present after cutting
  - - - a few thousands base pairs
    - - carries genes that code for proteins not associated with transposition
    - - our the most powerful tools fro genetic analysis and engineering
- - - - only one character is analyzed and studied
    - - dihybrid cross
      - two other factors
        
        trihybrid cross
    - - parental generation
    - - F1
      - first filial generation
    - - F2 generation
    - - homozygous
      - heterozygous
  - - - selfing
    - - does not represent the outcome of any cross
  - - - dominat
      - recessive
  - - - genotype
    - - pure-bred lines
  - - - consists of
        
        300 amino acids
- - - - less compact
        
        opening to allow entry of the necessary replicating factors
  - - - forming a small bubble
        
        replicon
  - - - DNA polymerase
  - - - as DNA uncoils
        
        for appearance
        
        replication fork
        
        each fork
        
        runs into one adjacent replicon
        
        pieces of DNA are ligated
- - - - one gene move independently
        
        independent assortment
  - - - two genes located apart
        
        on same chromosome
        
        crossing over occurs
        
        during prophase one
        
        synaptonemal complex is formed
  - - - are linked
        
        several types of heterozygote are possible
    - - haploid cells
        
        are either S or s, Y
    - - formed from a crossing over of the homologous chromosomes
      - recombination of alleles
      - first two alleles are parental type chromosomes
- - - - lethal
  - - - diploid body cells
      - haploid gametes
    - - nondisjunction
  - - - alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the progeny
    - - unparental inheritance
        
        maternal inheritance
    - - outcome depends on which plant is
        
        pollen parent
        
        ovule parent
    - - veriegation
        
        affects stems
        
        the achlorophyllous patch may include an axillary bud
- - - - genes occur in multiple places
      - genotypes
        
        alleles a single individual has
      - phenotype
        
        expression of those alleles in the individuals size, shape or metabolism