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Examining the eye (Ophthalmoscopy/ fundoscopy (Preparation (Wash Wash…

- - - - Optic disc (3C's)
        Colour: pink, white (atrophic)
        Cup:disc ratio: increased is pathological
        Contour: well defined, hazy (pathological)
        New vessels (T2DM)
      - Retina
        Dark: pigmented skin, retinitis pigmentosa
        Pale: ischemia
      - Retinal vessels
        Calibre: straight, torturous
        Colour, width, crossing points
        New vessels/collaterals
      - Macula
        Ask patient to look at light
  - - - Indirect
        Binocular (3D) view
        Small image, large field
      - Slit lamp
        Large image
      - Direct
        Monocular (2D) view as only viewing with one eye
        Large image but small field