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Respiratory System (Anatomy of the respiratory tract (External nares are…
Respiratory System
Anatomy of the respiratory tract
External nares are nostrils (entrance)
Interior of nose is nasal cavity
Nasal septum divides nasal cavity
Olfactory receptors located in mucosa
Nasal cavity lined with respiratory mucosa
Conchae in lateral walls
Pharynx is muscular passage
Disorders of the respiratory system
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
usually from smoking
difficulty breathing
coughing and pulmonary infections
Emphesyma
alveoli enlarge as chambers break through
chronic inflammation
airways collapse
barrel chest
Chronic bronchitis
mucosa inflamed
mucus production increase
pneumonia is common
Lung cancer
1/3 of all cancer deaths in US
three types: squamous cell carcinoma, adrenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
unexplained infant death
may be due to neural respiratory control center/abnormal heart rythm
Asthma
chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages
Birth defects
cystic fibrosis
oversecretion of thick mucus
Definitions of lung capacity terminology
Tidal Volume (TV)
the volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
Vital Capacity (VC)
the total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
maximum lung volume allowed by the inspiratory muscles
Breathing mechanism
Exchanging gas between atmosphere and body cells
Ventilation that moves air in and out of the lungs
Pulmonary ventilation is movement of air in lungs and depends on pressure gradient
Major functions of the
respiratory system
Gas exchange
passageway to lungs purify incoming air
Organs of the respiratory system and location
(upper and lower respiratory tract)
Upper respiratory tract
Trachea (windpipe)
Connects larynx with bronchi, rigid with hyaline cartilage rings, lined with cilated muscosa
Sinuses
air-filled spaces alongside nose
Nasal Cavity
located within nose
Pharynx
part of throat behind nasal cavity
Larynx
located between the pharynx and the trachea
Lower Respiratory tract
Primary bronchi
formed by division of trachea, right bronchus is wider and shorter than left
Lungs
Occupy thoracic cavity, divided by lobes and fissures
Bronchial tree
includes the alveoli
Diaphragm
Sits at base of chest
Differences between the right/left lung and right/left primary bronchi
Primary bronchi
Right bronchi is wider, shorter, and straighter than left due to presence of the heart on the left side
Lungs
Left lung is smaller to accommodate the heart's size
Right lung has three lobes, left lung has two
Right lung is wider and shorter
Internal and
external respiration
Internal
occurs in alveoli
exchange of gases with the external environment
External
occurs in lungs
oxygen diffuses into blood, carbon dioxide into air