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Genetics (Mutations (insertion (addition of extra DNA), inversion (DNA put…
Genetics
Mutations
insertion
addition of extra DNA
inversion
DNA put in backwards
deletion
piece of DNA lost
effects of mutations
nature, posiition, extent of mutation
somatic mutations
mutations
cells that never lead to sex cells
causes of mutations
mutagen
causes mutations
point mutation
single base converted to another base
Monohybrid cross
multiple alleles
each gene has many alleles
test crosses
breeding of an individual with a phenotypically recessive individual
cross
sexual reproduction of two individuals
crossing heterozygouse with themselves
selfing
when a plant fertilizes its own egg
punnett square
types of one gamete
test to predict genotype of breeding experiment
complete dominance
dominant
a trait that is stronger than a recessive gene
recessive
a trait that is week
incomplete dominance
heterozygous
two different type of alleles on one gene
homozygous
two identical alleles on one gene
parental generation
parents of plants
F (sub number) 1
filial generation
parent offspring
F (sub number) 2
filial genreration
interbred offspring
Dihybrid cross
linkage
parental type chromosome
first two chromosomes
recombinatn chromosomes
last two chromosomes
two genes occur close on chromosome
crossing over
two genes located far apart on same chromosome
prophase 1
independent assortment
two genes on seperate chromosome
alleles move independently
one in which two genes are studied and analyzed simultaneously
Multiple genes for one character
pleotropic effects
one mutation
effects phenotype
epistasis
multiple genes for one trait
extremely complex crosses
hundreds or thousands of progeny
Replication of DNA
replication fork
DNA uncoils
creates forked appearance
replicon
one DNA strand is cut
two strands seperate
form a small bubble
semiconservative replication
contains one new molecule and conserves an old one
Other aspects of inheritance
lethal alleles
can kill plant very young
maternal inheritance
maternal parent
obtains placid and mitochondrion genomes
biparental inheritance
equal allels transmitted to progeny
