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Chapter 16: Genetics (Replication of DNA (replicon (DNA double helix is…
Chapter 16: Genetics
Replication of DNA
replicon
DNA double helix is cut
separate short region
small "bubble"
primer RNA
ribonucleotides
not deoxyribonucleotides
DNA polymerase
DNA-synthesizing enzyme
semiconservative replication
double helix contains new molecules
conserved one old one
replication fork
DNA uncoils then separates
forked appearance
ligated
attached to each other with covalent bonds
complete molecules
Monohybrid Crosses
monohybrid crosses with incomplete dominance
single character
inhertiance of other is not considered
parental generation
flower in new generation are pink
resembling each parent
homozygous
red-flowered parent is RR&white-flowered is rr
heterozygous
different flowered parent genotype is Rr
crossing heterozygotes with themselves
selfing
plant own pollen& fertilize its own eggs
punnett square
set up type of one gamete
ehh arranged along the top of square
other gamete arranged on the left side
test crosses
test cross
genotype
involving the plant in questions
homozygous recessive for trait
pure-bred lines
kept special line
being selfed
kept pure
monohybrid crosses with complete dominance
dominant
recessive
height
complete dominance
difficult know genotype of any particular plant
multiple alleles
genes may exist in many forms
cross
sexual reproduction between two individuals
Concepts
genetics
science of inheritance
genotype
single alleles
phenotype
individuals's size
shape
metabolism
important concept of inheritance
sexual reproduction
organism combines it alleles with other
asexual reproduction
offspring is identical to it parent
exactly same DNA
same alleles
alleles
#
Mutations
cause of mutations
mutagen
something cause mutations
several that important
certain chemicals
ultraviolet light
X-rays
radiation from radioactive substances
insertion sequences
few thousand base pairs long
contain the genes code for enzymes
transposon
insertion sequence
except much longer
carries genes code for proteins
effects of mutations
nature
position
extent
protein cannot function
somatic mutations
never lead to sex cells
mutations occur at anytime in any cell
DNA repair processes
selectively advantageous for organisms
most mutation are deleterious
mutations
any change
large or small
point mutation
single base converted to another base by various methods
deletion
DNA is lost
short regions of sequence
inversion
tangled
breaks
repair
put in backward
Dihybrid Crosses
genes on separate chromosomes: independent assortment
independent assortment
two genes are separate chromosomes
alleles one gene move independently
crossing-over
can occur several times
during prophase I
after homologous chromosomes paried
synaptonemal complex is formed
father apart two genes
greater possibility crossing over
genes on the same chromosome: linkage
two genes close together on a chromosome
don't undergo independent assortment
recombinant chromosomes
crossing-over of the homologous chromosomes
recombination of alleles
first two are
parental type chromosomes
map unit
one centimorgan
on average
approximately one million base pairs
dihybrid cross
two genes studied and analyzed simultaneously
multiple genes for one character: Quantitative Trait Loci
epistasis
having multiple genes for each trait
pleiotropic effects
multiple phenotype effects o one mutation
individual phenotypic traits
complex metabolic process involving numerous enzymes
many separate genes affect any single trait
other aspects of inheritance
maternal inheritance
biparental inheritance
alleles both parents are transmitted equally to progeny
uniparental inheritance
maternal inheritance
zygote obtains al plastid&mitochondrion genomes from maternal parents
pollen parent
green
chlorophyll-bearing plant
outcome depends on which plant
ovule parent
variegation
plastid inheritance
presence of spots or sectors
white
red
orange
lethal alleles
difficult to detect
if effect occurs early
lenthal
phenotypic result of mutation
severity from undetectable
presence can kill plant
multiple set of chromosomes and gene families
polyploid
more than two set of chromosomes
nondisjunction
fail to disjoin
one daughter cell receives both copies
the other receives none
paralogs
deleterious mutations not eliminated quickly
by natural selection
extra copies of gene may repidly
become nonfunctional
genes similar to wild-type allele
recoginzed having originated duplicates
