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RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Respiratory System (Parts of the…

- - - - -Two nasal cavities -Warms air during inhalation -Cleanses hairs and mucus -Humidifies air-wet surfaces of membrane -Has odor receptors -Tear glands drain into nasal cavity
    - - -Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx -Divided into: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx -Protective rings (formed by its tonsils) -Larynx and trachea = open -Esophagus = closed
    - - -Passageway for air (between pharynx and trachea) -Contains vocal cords (folds of mocusa, they vibrate to make sound) -Opening of larynx = glottis -Epiglottis = covers glottis during swallowing so food doesn't enter the respiratory tract
    - - -Connects larynx with primary bronchi -C-shaped cartilage rings support it -Cilia = sweeps focus toward the pharynx (smoking kills cilia)
    - - -Right and left primary bronchi : resemble trachea in structure -Branch to secondary bronchi : lead to bronchioles -Airways --> smaller Walls --> thinner (they lack cartilage rings) -Bronchiole --> Alveoli
    - - -Lungs are divided by lobes (right lung has 3 while left lung has two) -Lobes are divided into lobules which have bronchioles serving many alveoli -Pleura : serous membrane that cover lungs
    - - -Surrounded by blood capillaries -Gas exchange occurs the moist membranes, gases diffuse -Oxygen --> Blood -Carbon dioxide --> Alveoli -When the alveoli stays open it receives air -Surfactant = they make sure they don't close
  - - - -Maximum volume that can be moved in and out in a breath -Illness can affect this capacity
    - - -It's the amount of air moving in and out every breath -70% reaches alveoli -30% remains in airways
    - - -Forced inhalation (air brought in past tidal level)
    - - -Amount of air that's always in the lungs
    - - -Forced exhalation (air brought out that passes tidal tidal level)
  - - - -Located in medulla oblongata (brain) -Inspiration (respiratory center sends nerve impulses to diaphragm and external intercostals)
    - - -Column of air from pharynx to alveoli -Lungs lie in sealed-off thoracic cavity (rib cage --> top and sides) (between the ribs --> intercostal muscles) (diaphragm -->floor) -Lungs use pleura to adhere to thoracic wall
  - - - -Exchange of gas between air in alveoli and blood -Gases exert pressure (partial pressure : amount of pressure each gas exerts -Blood --> Pulmonary capillaries --> higher PCO2 than atmospheric air (CO2 diffuses from alveoli into blood) -PO2 --> low in pulmonary capillaries (but high in alveoli) (oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood) (hemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin)
    - - -Exchange of gas between systemic capillaries and tissues -Partial pressure of oxygen > capillaries than in tissues -Oxyhemoglobin gives up oxygen --> out of the blood into tissues -CO2 --> Blood (small amount combines with hemoglobin) -CO2 combines with H20 -Carbonic anhydrase speeds up the reaction
  - - - -Choking = obstruction of the trachea (Heimlich maneuver may save you from choking)
      - Asthma
        
        -Disease that affects the bronchi and bronchioles (wheezing, breathlessness, coughing, inflammation) -Airways become sensitive to some irritants -Incurable but treatable
      - Pneumonia
        
        -Viral or bacterial infection -Bronchi or alveoli fill with fluid -High fever -Chest pain -Headache
      - Emphysema
        
        -Causes damage to alveoli's walls -Chronic disease -Incurable -Smoking will probably cause it
    - - Acute Bronchitis
        
        -Infection of bronchi (primary and secondary) -It could lead to a viral infection and secondary bacterial infection
      - Chronic Bronchitis
        
        -Airways obstructed by mucus -Inflamed -Bronchi wen through undergone degenerative change (loss of cilia) -Smoking may cause it
- - - - Mechanical
        
        Large piece of food becomes small
        
        Chewing
        
        Mixing food in stomach
      - Chemical
        
        Enzymes break down macro molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed
    - - Mouth
        
        Roof
        
        Hard Palate (contains several bones)
        
        Soft Palate (contains uvula and tonsils)
        
        Tongue (Skeletal Muscles and Taste Buds)
        
        Salivary Glands
        
        Create and send saliva to mouth. Helps digest starch
        
        Pharynx (Receives air from nasal cavities and food from mouth. Swallowing occurs here)
        
        Esophagus (Muscular tube that goes from pharynx to stomach)
        
        Sphincter muscle closes esophagus from stomach
        
        Digestive Tract Wall
        
        Submucosa (Connective tissue)
        
        Muscularis (2 layers of smooth muscle)
        
        Mucosa (Produce mucus)
        
        Serosa (Secretes serous fluid)
        
        Stomach (receives food from esophagus and moves it into small intestine)
        
        Mechanical and Chemical digestion occur
        
        Mixes food with gastric juices, produced by gastric glands
        
        Mucus protects stomach from gastric acid
        
        Small Intestine (Digests nutrients using bile from liver and pancreatic juices from the pancreas
        
        Villi and Microvilli allow for more surface are with less space
        
        Large Intestine (absorbs water, salts, and vitamins, and stores indigestible materials until they are eliminated)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Duodenum is the first 25 cm of the S Intestine
- - - - Produce insulin and regulate blood glucose
    - - Starch digestion, protein digestion, and fat digestion