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Respiratory System (anatomy of the respiratory tract (primary bronchi…
Respiratory System
anatomy of the respiratory tract
pharynx (throat)
muscular passafe from nasal cavity to larynx
trachea (windpipe)
connects larynx to bronchi
lines with ciliated mucosa
mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
paranasal sinuses
traps incoming foreign particles
moistens air
primary bronchi
enters lung at hilus
bronchi subdivides into smaller and smaller branches
formed by division of trachea
right bronchus is wider and short
nasal cavity
olfactory recepterslocated in mucoasa
lungs
occupy most of thoracic cavity
apez is clavicle
base rest on diagphram
each lung divided into lobes by fissures
nose
air enters nose through external nares
nasal cavity divided by nasal septum
disorders of the respiratory system
lung cancer
associated with smoking
3 common types
small cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
unexplained infant death
causes: due to neural resp. control center or abnormal heart rhythms
chronic bronchitis
risk of lung infection increases
mucosa is inflamed
mucus production increases
Asthma
chronic inflames hypersensitive bronchiole passages
responds to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
empheysema
airways collapse during expiration
overflation causes barrel chest
chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
birth defects
cystic fibrosis: oversecretion of thich mucosa clogs resp system
chronic pbstructive pulmonary disease
hypoxic (insufficient oxygen in tissues)
smoking history
leads to resp failure
breathing mechanism
respiration
entire process of exchanging gases between atmosphere and body cells
pulmonary ventilation
movement of air in lungs depends on pressure gradient
internal respiration
exchange of gases between blood and body cells
inspiration
flow of air into lungs
expiration
air leaving lungs
passive process
diaphragm and rib muscles relax
definitions of lung capacity terminology
inspiratory reserve volume
complemental air; forcibly a single inhale after a normal resp has taken place
residual volume
air remaining in lungs
tidal volume
amount of air that enters lungs in single inhalation or leaves lungs in single exhalation of quet breathing
vital capacity
total volume of air that can be exhales after maximum inhalation
expiratory reserve volume
supplemental; amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal quiet resp
total lung capacity
volume of air in lungs after maximal inhalation
Differences between the right and left lung and right and left primary bronchi
right lung
number of lobes; 3; superior middle inferior
left lung
one superior fissure
right primary bronchi
shorter, wider and vertical
left primary bronchi
longer and horizontal
Major Functions of the respiratory system
Gas exchanges between blood and external environment
passageways to lungs purity, warm and humidify the incoming air
rest lines with respiratory mucosa
increases air turbulence within the nasal cavities
moistens air
traps incoming foreign particles
lateral walls have conchige
organs of the respiratory system and location (upper and lower respiratory tract)
upper respiratory tract (URT)
nose
the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract
nasal caavity
sinuses
pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophage and air to the larynx
lower respiratory tract (LRT)
trachea
the windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system
bronchial tree
the passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs
larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
lungs
the central organ of the repiratory system in which oxygen from the iar is exchanges with co2 from blood
internal and external respiration
internal : flow of air into lung
muscles contract
ribs rise
forced inhalation: scalenes muscles, sternocleidomastoid
diaphragm moves down
lungs fill
external: air leaving lung
forced expiration; contraction of intercostal ribs muscles and abdominal muscles
lungs decrease in size
passive process: diaphragm and rib muscles relax
ribs move down and inwards
diaphragm moves up