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Observational Studies (Descriptive) (Ecological Studies (It does not…
Observational Studies (Descriptive)
Properties
Hypothesis-generating (‘I think there’s something going on here’)
Do
not
manipulate the exposure
Do not attempt to quantify associations between exposures and outcomes
It
describes the health status of populations
Case Reports/Series
No Comparison Group
Descriptive
A case report is generated when an individual presents with a health issue
Detailed Report(s) Based on Clinical Observations
Ecological Studies
It does not examine individual level data
It plots the
prevalence
of an
exposure and health outcome in populations
or groups of people
It’s useful in generating hypotheses for testing
Descriptive
Prone to bias!
Existing Population Data is Used
Cross-Sectional Studies (Prevalence Surveys)
It's conducted at a
point in time
– (Snapshot)
Descriptive OR Analytical (CAUTION)
Example: Population Health Survey
It
assesses an individual's status with respect to the presence or absence of both exposure and/or disease
(at one point in time)
The data is only
representative of a particular population
(at a certain point in time)