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Reading Notes: Modules: 34 - 36 (Module 35: Solving Problems and Making…
Reading Notes: Modules: 34 - 36
Module 34: Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity.
-Cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
-Concept: a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
-Prototype: a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures as a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
-These methods help us categorize and solve problems more quickly
-Discrimination Prototypes: how we organize personal stereotypes and opinions
-Concepts speed up our cognition but don't necessarily make us wise
Creativity: the ability to produce new and valuable ideas
-Convergent Thinking: narrowing the availability problem solutions to determine the single best solution
-Divergent Thinking: expanding the number of possible solutions, creative thinking that diverges in different directions
-Expertise is is well developed knowledge
-Imaginative Thinking Skills provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections
-A Venturesome Personality seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles
-Intrinsic Motivation is the quality of being driven primarily by interest
-A Creative Environment sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas
-Extrinsic Motivation is drive by outward rewards
-Ask Yourself & Test Yourself: The clerk would assume teenagers have criminal tendencies. The five components of creativity are listed above
Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions
Solving Strategies and Obstacles:
We solve our problems through trial and error. AND we try over and over again.
We also use algorithms which are a rule or procedure that can identify an answer.
*Insight is another method, and that is the realization of a problems solution.
*Wolfgang Kohler stated that humans aren't the only ones that use insight, and its much more widespread than we think.
They used a chimpanzee to see this, and he eventually proved their thoughts and hypothesis.
Insight is random,and randomly strikes, and conformation bias is a tendency to search for facts that support our feelings.
*Fixation deals with lots such as sexual orientation, Autism and gun control feelings also.
Mental set is "prime fixation"
Forming Good and Bad Decision Judgments:
Heuristics enable quick thinking without awareness.
Representatives heuristics estimate the likelihood of events.
*Availability Heuristic: estimating the likelihood of events based on memory.
*This can also change our opinions on other people.
Determines fear of terrorists also, and how they kill people in America.
*The Fear Factor is: The ancestral fear, the fear we cannot control, the immediate fear, what is most readily in memory.
OverConfidence:
Sometimes we are more confident than correct, and that leads us to choose incorrect things.
This tendency is overcofidence which iaa the tendency to be more confident than correct.
*Overconfidence is what makes stgock markers and managbers to outperform manages.
Overconfidence can laso be adaptive, and can help us grow and become more confident ina system and a work place.
Belief persepctive is the tendency to cling to our beliefs.
*People nhave also had their beliegf support change opinions, such as same sex marriage, or politics.
*The effects of framing are a big part of psychology, also.
*Chpoosing to live or die is framing, and this explains tha the percent of death is more noticable
Becoming an organ donor, when the default is no, they dont, yes thedy do.
*And, Opting for retiremnet, thye choose a lower price of things after they leave.
*Intution is something we use to have feelings for a situatruon at a time and place.
*Intuition of born expierence is impkicit and is always there.
*Our intuition is also adaptiver, and somethign we are used to, and gravitate to as we age.
*It is huge, and defines and helps us amke normal, healthy, smart, safe deicison everyday with our feelings of intuition.
Some tudies ay that unconcious behavior is not proven.
*Out 2 track minds, are working together constantly, and they work together to creatre our happy loving healthy life we live evrday.
Module 36: Thinking and Language
Language - our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme - in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme - in a language,the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a pat of a word (such as a prefix)
Grammar - in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
• Babbling Stage – beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
• One-Word Stage – the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
• Two-Word Stage – beginning about 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
• Telegraphic Speech – early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs
• Aphasia – impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
• Broca’s Area – helps control language expression – an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
• Wernicke’s Area – a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
• Linguistic Determinism – the strong form of Whorf’s hypothesis – that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
• Linguistic Influence – the weaker form of “linguistic relativity” – the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is “relative to” our cultural language)
Ask Yourself / Test Yourself
Two morphemes - cut and s, and four phonemes - c, u, t, and s.
Chomsky took the nature side of this discussion, when most other researchers emphasized the influence of nurture in language development. Chomsky maintained that all languages share a universal grammar, and humans are biologically predisposed to learn the grammar rules of language.
Our brain's critical period for language learning is in childhood, when we can adsorb language structure almost effortlessly. As we move past that stage in our brain's development, our ability to learn a new language diminishes dramatically.
Infants normally start developing receptive language skills (ability to understand what is said to and about them) around 4 months of age. Then, starting with babbling at 4 months and beyond, infants normally tart building productive language skills (ability to produce sounds and eventually words).
Indeed there is, because well before age 1 children are learning to detect words among the stream of spoken sounds and to discern grammatical rules. Before age 1, they also are babbling with the phonemes of their own language. More than many parents realize, their infants are soaking up language. As researcher Peter Jusczyk reminds us, "little ears are listening."
Broca's Area; Wernicke's Area
The phrase supports the linguistic determinism hypothesis, which asserts that language determines thought. Research indicates that this position is too extreme, but - as linguistic influence suggests - language does influence what we perceive and think.
Mental practice uses visual imagery to mentally rehearse future behaviors. Visualizing the details of the process is more effective than visualizing only your end goal.
