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Tudor Foreign Policy (Mary I (Loss of Calais (The Anglo-French war went on…
Tudor Foreign Policy
Henry VII
Brittany
Following 1487 invasion it looked as if the French would gain complete control of Brittany, alarming Henry who summoned Parliament in 1489 to raise an army against the French.
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Treaty of Redon between England and Brittany in Feb 1489 - Duchess Anne would pay for a small army to defend Brittany from the French threat.
Henry tried to strengthen his alliance with Maximilian of the HRE, who had no desire for Brittany to fall into French hands as he had a marriage-by-proxy to Anne
English army went to Brittany but Anne surrendered, and Maximilian lost interest when she married Charles VIII.
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Burgundy
Complicating factor was Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, leading upholder of the Yorkist cause. Enlisted the help of her stepson-in-law Maximilian and offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck
Henry gambled that a trade embargo on Burgundy would ease issues, but it brought two aims of securing dynasty and encouraging trade into conflict.
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Bulk of England's exports went through the ports of the Netherlands, so it was important for commercial relations to be maintained.
Spain
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Treaty of Medina Del Campo 1489 = Two monarchies offered mutual protection in the event of attack, not to harbour rebels/pretenders, marriage alliance between Arthur, prince of Wales and Catherine of Aragon
Problems = marriage arrangements did not go smoothly, Ferdinand reluctant to allow the marriage whilst Henry's dynastic stability threatened by Perkin Warbeck, argued over size of dowry.
Marriage took place in 1501, but Arthur died in 1502. Henry suggested that Catherine should marry his second son, prince Henry, but Ferdinand reluctant to agree
By 1504 Henry has lost interest in the marriage, and when Isabella died, Ferdinand became a less important figure
Juana and Philip set sail for Spain but got shipwrecked, forced to take refuge in England
Henry took advantage, secured a stronger relationship with them by:
- Intercursus Magnus
- Return of Earl of Suffolk
- Proposed marriage alliance with himself and his sister Archduchess Margaret
- Henry's recognition of them as rulers of Castile
But Philip died:
- Disastrous
- Juana went mad
- Ferdinand took Castile
- Henry once again politically isolated
- Guaranteed that the marriage would never happen in Henry's lifetime.
Ireland
Earl of Kildare feared by Henry as he had Yorkist sympathies, also supported Lambert Simnel
Henry appointed his infant son Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland, and Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy
Poynings' Law = laid down that the Irish govt couldn't pass a law without the prior approval of the English Crown
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Strategy was too expensive for Henry's liking, Warbeck returned to Ireland and amassed a force which made things worse.
Kildare eventually stopped seeing benefit in the Yorkist cause and decided to serve Henry loyally. By 1500, Henry had secured some peaceable and cheap authority over Ireland.
Edward VI
Somerset
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Somerset's aggressive approach to foreign policy was determined by his objective of reasserting the ancient claim of Edward I to the Scottish throne.
His aim was to enforce the marriage of Edward VI and the infant Mary, QoS to unite the crowns of England and Scotland.
Strategy was to defeat the Scots in battle,build and garrison a number of forts in the borders, and force the Scots into submission.
Began well, defeated the Scots at the Battle of Pinkie in September 1547.
Forts difficult and expensive to garrison, couldn't capture strategically significant castles at Dunbar and Edinburgh.
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Mary I
Loss of Calais
The Anglo-French war went on for a year. England lost. Worse than anything, they lost Calais, the last English foothold on the continent.
Mary’s planned marriage to Philip of Spain, the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, cultivated even more the relationship England believed she had with the Holy Roman Emperor.
However, there were those in England who cautioned against too strong an alliance with the Emperor, as they feared that this could only lead to war with France.
Mary’s marriage to Philip had with it safeguards to prevent England becoming involved in Spain’s wars.
In March 1556, Philip persuaded Mary to support Spain in a war against France. The Privy Council knew that England could not afford a foreign war but reluctantly agreed to declare war on France.
Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two.
"Mary’s foreign policy brought little credit to England. She relied too much on her Spanish advisors, who worked to better the position of Spain as opposed to England. "
Elizabeth I
Early Foreign Policy
Scotland
Guises fell from power. lords of congregation accepted as a provisional conciliar govt, Mary weakened significantly, her husband dies.
Initially, intervention was limited to money and armaments, but a storm severely damaged the french fleet, and Mary of Guise died, so cecil was able to secure favourable terms in the July Treaty of Edinburgh.
Cecil strongly supported intervention, sympathising with the religious predicament of the scottish protestants.
Elizabeth cautious to interfere, but Scotland being used as an instrument of French policy, and was strongly Catholic, alarming Scottish protestants and leading them to request assistance from their fellow protestants south of the border (John Knox + Lords of the Congregation)
France
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Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester) encouraged Liz to put down the French Crown while they were still weak
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Treaty of Cateu Cambresis,1559
- Peace treaty between France, Spain, and England
- France would take over Calais for 8 years, but would give it back if peace not broken, or would pay 500,000 crowns and give it back.
Inherited:
- War w/ France
- Calais lost
- Peace with Spain through Philip (tensions tho)
- French control over Scotland (Mary of Guise)
- Tensions across Europe between Catholics and Protestants
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Henry VIII
1540 - 47
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Invasion of Scotland in 1542 met with immediate military success. Heavily defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss, James V died shortly after, leaving heir as one-week-old Mary.
Treaty of Greenwich betrothed Mary and Edward, but ratification was refused so there came the punitive 'rough wooing' of Scotland.
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Defeated at the battle of Ancrum Moor , Mary Rose sank in the Solent
1527 - 40
Failure of Henry to solve his Great Matter emphasises the extent to which England remained a relatively minor power.
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Wolsey sought to impose an embargo against Burgundian trade to pressurise the emperor, but backlash from Charles forced him to back down.
1529 Battle of Landriano exemplified Charles' strength, peace of Cambrai showed dominance over pope, which doomed Great Matter to failure.
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Alliance with League of Schmalkaden, which foundered among mutual distrust.
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Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, managed to play a double game in which he was both and English courtier and a servant of the Crown as well as the most powerful of the Gaelic chiefs. His dismissal led to a major rebellion in 1534.
1514 - 1526
English armies invaded northern France in 1522 and 1523,which gained little but were costly.
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Wolsey was successful in ending England's isolation - Treaty of London = emerged as the leading diplomat in Western Europe. Against Ottoman Turks.
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'Auld alliance' between Scotland and France remained strong - clashes between one country led to heightened tensions with the other
Henry significantly overestimated foreign power - Wolsey had to frame the details of foreign policy based on that false assumption
England remained a relatively minor power, couldn't compete with France and Spain on level terms.
1509 - 1514
Nothing gained from 1513 military ventures:
- The war was costly and Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to pay for it
- Rumblings about taxation in Yorkshire which came close to being a full scale revolt.
- Renegotiated French Pension
- Tournai eventually sold back to the French
Battle of Flodden 1513, defeated scottish army. James IV killed, leaving the scottish throne to the hands of an infant.
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Henry led a force to northeastern France, where he won the Battle of Spurs and captured Therouanne and Tournai. Propaganda victory
Henry used by Ferdinand of Aragon, who invaded southwest France with him but conquered Navarre behind his back
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