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memory (Memory is an active system that: (▪ Receives information from the…
memory
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three process of memory
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encoding
the sets of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems.
models of memory
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models of memory that assumes information that is more " deeply processed' or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.
what is memory?
an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information in a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and than retrieves the information from storage.
short term memory = memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used
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Long-Term Memory (LTM)= the memory system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently
Elaborative rehearsal = a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way
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Types of LTM
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory = memory for skills,
procedures, habits, conditioned responses, etc.
Not conscious memories, but affect conscious behavior
Includes emotional associations, habits, and simple
conditioned reflexes
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Types of Amnesia
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Tower of Hanoi
it is a puzzle that is solved a series of steps by moving one disk at a time. the goal is to move all of disks from peg A to peg C
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Reliability of Memory
Hindsight bias = the tendency to falsely believe that
one could have predicted the outcome of an event
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Constructive processing = memory retrieval process in which memories are “built,” or reconstructed, from information stored during encoding
With each retrieval, memories may be altered, revised, or
influenced by newer information
False memory syndrome = creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis
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Misinformation effect = tendency of misleading
information presented after an event to alter the
memories of the event itself
Reasons We Forget
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Proactive interference: older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information
Retroactive interference: newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information
Sensory Memory ( the very first of memory, where raw information from the senses is held for a very brief period of time)
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High capacity, brief duration
it has 2 types
iconic
visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second
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Ebbinghaus
Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Curve of forgetting = a graph showing a distinct pattern
in which forgetting is very fast within first hour after
learning a list and then tapers off gradually
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Retrieval Cues
encoding specificity= tendency for memory to be
improved if related information available during
encoding is also available during retrieval
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Recall and Recognition
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Recall = memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues
Examples: essays, short answers, and fill-in-the-blanks
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Serial Position Effect (information at beginning
and end of a body of information more accurately remembered than information in middle)
Primacy effect = tendency to remember information
at beginning of a body of information better than
what follows
Recency effect = tendency to remember information at end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it
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Flashbulb Memories
Flashbulb memories = memory of an
unexpected event that has strong emotional
associations for person remembering it
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Examples: JFK assassination, 9/11 attacks,
personal experiences (like graduation)
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Automatic encoding = tendency of certain kinds
of information to enter long-term memory with
little or no effortful encoding
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