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Perceiving Individual (create impression (Creating complex impressions…
Perceiving Individual
create impression
Creating complex impressions
Integration of individual bits of information
Integration of evaluations
Accuracy depends on motivation
How Do We Create an overall impression of a person?
by
Integrate multiple traits: If person A is nice she is also helpful
(halo effects)
This generalization is called
“implicit personality theory”
Bad is stronger than good - We give negative info more weight than positive information
how do we perceived others
we do that by using correspondent inference
what is a correspondent inference?
The process of characterizing someone as having a personality trait that corresponds to his or her observed behavior
it has to be justified but when can it be justified?
well it has to satisfied four category
There is
only
one possible explanatio
n for the behavior (The behavior has few effects that distinguish it from other courses of action).
The behavior is
unexpected
rather than expected or typical (showing a behavior when it is not fashionable).
The
individual chooses to perform
the behavior (freedom of choice, voluntary decision, no coercion).
No effect of the situation
But when does it not justified
it is an no answer question
however when it is unjustified
It becomes a correspondence bias, also known as:
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency for people to over-emphasise dispositional, or personality-based explanations for behaviours observed in others while under-emphasising situational explanations. (
An excuses to justified what is behaviorally bad to be sound less bad)
there is two way that we think call
Dual Processing or (System 1 and System 2) motivation and ability is a factor
System 1
Superficial thinking (
Quick Reaction Type of Thinking
)
so what cause us to use systematic processing to make casual attribution?
because
Covariation of information (Kelley, 1967)
When explaining other people’s behaviors, we look for
similarities
(covariation) across a range of situations to help us narrow down specific attributions.
There are three particular types of information we look for to help us decide, each of which can be high or low
3 more items...
System 2
Careful thinking (
Analytical Thinking
)
what is a Self-fulfilling Prophecies
Self-fulfilling Prophecies Rosenthal, 1985; Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968 is
the process by which one person's expectations about another become reality by eliciting behaviors that confirm the expectations.(通过引发确认期望的行为，一个人对另一个人的期望成为现实的过程.)
examples
¡ Teacher are given names of students that are expected to "bloom". ¡ “Blooming” students were selected randomly!!! ¡ “Blooming” students show better performance after a few months.