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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS (Unit 2 (Instruments of Ethics (Rights and obligations…

- - - - Moreover, the rights are directly related to the obligations. When a person has a right, another has an obligation in that regard.
    - - Moral rules serve as a guide for situations in which conflicting interests clash. It could be said that moral rules are like "breakwater"; that is, guidelines that can resolve disagreements.
    - - When you value something, you want it or want it to happen. Values are desires, relatively permanent, that seem good in themselves, like peace or goodwill.
    - - Every human being is related to others through a skein of relationships. These relationships exist because we both need each other to receive support and to reach our goals.
- - - - Traditionally, the governments have had the main responsibility to work towards the improvement of the living conditions of the populations. Civil Society, as well as some companies with a social vision, has actively contributed to this great mission.
    - - During the World Economic Forum, in Davos in 1999, the Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, presented the idea of a Global Compact to world leaders in the field of business, work, as well as members of Civil Society.
    - - Ethics and social responsibility are concepts that refer, fundamentally, to the quality of our relationships over time. Many decisions of organizations involve thorny problems because the interests of the organization affect the interests
        of third parties.
    - - Keith Davis has said that there is "a strict rule of responsibility that states that, in the long term, those who do not use power in a way that society considers responsible, in all likelihood will lose it."
- - - - It is impossible to avoid ethical issues in business, nor is it possible to avoid them in other aspects of our existence. In the case of companies, most of the ethical issues fall within one or more of the following four levels: that of society, that of interest groups, that of internal policy or that of personnel.
    - - Level of Internal Policy
        In this case, the questions refer to how the company's relationships with its employees are
      - Level of the Personal
        In this case the questions refer to how some people should treat others within an organization.
    - - Ethics is a practical and normative science that rationally studies the goodness and badness of human acts. Ethics studies the morality of human acts.
    - - Many critics affirm that in these times "ethics is in crisis". Every day we read headlines that deal with the subject. Controversies about influence peddling in Italy, Japan and the United States; the consequences of silicone breast implants; the excessive charges for car rental and unfair business practices by large retailers have encouraged a new interest in the role of the
        Ethics in business.
- - - - Recent theorists such as Carol Guilligan and Nell Noddings have argued that the moral order - the moral of rules and justice - is only a perspective of moral reasoning.
    - - The managers of modern organizations, on occasion, establish rules that contradict the rules of moral order.
    - - The moral order constitutes the body of moral rules that govern the normal problems of ethics.
    - - CEOs do not have to face ethical questions in a vacuum. Instead, they can institutionalize the process for making ethical decisions, making sure that each moral decision overcomes previous decisions.