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MEMORYY (Hermann Ebbinghaus Memorized list of nonsense syllables and…

- - - - Primacy effect: tendency to remember information at beginning of a body of information better than what follows
      - Recency effect: tendency to remember information at end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it.
  - - - Memories are rarely completely accurate and become less accurate over time
        
        with each retrieval , memories may be altered, revised, or influenced by newer information
      - Elizabeth Loftus and others have suggested that memory retrieval is a constructive prodess, memories are build at time of retrieval
        
        Studied memory and eyewitness testimony
        
        Eyewitness testimony is not always reliable
        
        Memory wars
        
        Practice of " recovering" repressed memories
        
        Implanted false memories of abuse
      - hindsight bias: the tendency to falsely believe that one could have predicted the outcome of an event
        
        Older memories revised to include newer information
- - - - Duration: 12 to 30 seconds without rehearsal
        
        Maintenance rehearsal : saying bits of information to be remembered over and over in one's head
        
        Tends to be encoded in auditory form
      - Chunking:combining bits of information into meaningful units (or chunks) allows for more information to be held in STM
      - STM is susceptible to interference
        
        Especially likely to happen if amount of information exceeds capacity
        
        Example: trying to remember all the names of a bunch of people you just met
  - - - Types of LTM
        
        Declarative (explicit) memory: memory for information that is conscious and known
        
        Memory for Facts
        
        Semantic memory: general knowledge
        
        Knowledge of language, information leaned in formal education
        
        LTM is organized in terms of related meanings and concepts
        
        Semantic network model: assumed that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion:
        
        Concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than to unrelated concepts
        
        Episodic Memory: personal information not readily available to others
        
        Daily activities and events
        
        Nondeclarative (implicit) memory: memory for skills, procedures, habits, conditioned responses, etc
        
        Not conscious memories, but affect conscious behavior
        
        Include emotional associations, habits and simple conditioned reflexes
      - Types of Amnesia
        
        Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory from the points of some injury or trauma backwards
        
        Loss of memory for the past
        
        Common plot device in soap operas
        
        Anterograde amnesia: loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward
        
        Inability to new form new long-term memories
        
        Usually does NOT affect procedural LTM
    - - Stimulus for remembering:
        
        Priming can occur where the experience with information or concepts can improve later performance
      - Encoding specificity: tendency for memory to be improved it related information available during encoding is also available during retrieval
        
        Context-dependent learning: physical surroundings
        
        Example: classroom
        
        State- dependent learning: physiological state or physiological state
        
        Exmaple: emotions
      - Dementia: general term that describes related symptoms/disorders
        
        Decline in mental abilities
        
        Alzeimer's disease
        
        Most common type of dementia
        
        Early on: impairs ability to learn new information
        
        Later on: symptoms become more sever
        
        Plaques (protein deposits) and tangles ( twisted protein fibers)
        
        Vascular dementia
        
        Results after stroke (clot that blocks blood flow to the brain)
        
        Sometimes called vascular cognitive impairement
        
        Second most common type of dementia