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Modules 34-36 (Module 35 (Key Terms (algorithm: a methodical, logical rule…
Modules 34-36
Module 35
Key Terms
algorithm: a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristic: a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm
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confirmation bias: a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
fixation: in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving
mental set: a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
intuition: an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
representativeness heuristic: estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
availability heuristic: estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
overconfidence: the tendency to be more confident than correct-- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
belief perseverance: clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
framing: the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Check Your Understanding
Ask: I fear bugs and dying in an airplane crash or from being attacked by an animal. Yes they are irrational or out of my control if these instances were to happen.
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Module 36
Key Terms
language: our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
phoneme: in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
morpheme: in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (prefix)
grammar: in a language, a system or rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language's set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is its set of rules for combing words into grammatically senisble sentences
babbling stage: beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
one-word stage: the stage in speech development, from about age 1 or 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
two-word stage: beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
telegraphic speech: early speech stage in which a child speaks like a Telegram--"go car"-- using mostly nouns and verbs
aphasia: impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (imparing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
Broca's area: helps control language expression-- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke's area: a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
linguistic determinism: the strong form of Whorf's hypothesis- that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
linguistic influence: the weaker form of "linguistic relativity" - the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is "relative to" our cultural language)
Check Your Understanding
Ask: I adapt my language by using certain phrases in certain areas in which i am present depending on the situation at hand
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Ask: I am currently trying to learn French in school and it is very odd because I will try to integrate English and I think and function in every other way in English, so I haven't adpated to French yet.
Test: 1. His work was an attempt to solve the lanuage cognition problem 2. It is difficult because all the neurons are already formed and are diccicult to or cannot morph
Ask: I believe it shouldn't be considered because it does not use the same brain receptors (writing, speaking, and listening) that verbal languages require
Test: 1. Yes they would because they can begin to morph their neurons and learn 2. Receptive 3. differenciate
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Module 34
Key Terms
cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concept: a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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convergent thinking: narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
divergent thinking: expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Check Your Understanding
Ask: The teenager prototype seems to be that the clerk believes they are less important and irresponsible, so they may try to try.
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concepts include:
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thinking creatively
creativity, convergent, and divergent thinking included
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