using the military to protect themselves and to project power over other places/Maintaining control

Linked to resources in the country = Russia has huge gas/oil reserves/USA has huge oil reserves. This means that the price is low in the country and that the country is not dependent upon other nations for energy

Essential base of a superpower - ability to form a military or invest in new technology

Use strength to dominate global financial organisations e.g. WB/IMF

Population size and structure influences economic growth e.g. availability of a young workforce in China/India, the need for immigration in the UK

G8 and G20 - both significant in making changes across the globe

The World Economic Forum - meets in Davos each year to decide global economic policies

The UN security council - Especially permanent states (UK,FRA,USA,CHN,RUS)

the appeal of a country's way of life/ideologies. Spread through: Music, Fashion, Art, Media, Democracy

Makese no account for resource rich nations such as the Middle East

A theory that whoever controlled europe and asia, controlled the rest of the world. He believed that the heartland could shift as a result of sea power. He acknowledged that Russia should be the world's superpower, but they are disadvantaged by having too many national borders, and a coastline that is predominantly frozen in winter

Show how the centre of economic activity has changed since 1AD

The centre is pulled towards the region with the largest GDP = map shows industrial revolution + growth of the US

Shift in the latter half of the 20th century reflects the recovery of Europe post WW2

Relatively young population due to relatively high levels of immigration

Often viewed as global centre of democracy, freedom - American Dream

Est. trading routes/trading companies to finance voyages for commodities such as tea, sugar, spices

Britain had latest military tech with ships, guns, explosives. often were fighting primitive technology

British inventions such as the railway, legal systems, sport, english language were introduced all over the world

Brits believed in their moral and cultural superiority. Were taught the successes of the empire in school

Rebellions were frequent. They were put down with great force

Increasing military and economic cooperation from within Europe

Loss of support at home. People didn't believe that it was right

Rapid US industrialisation following civil war in 1860s. Became world's largest economy in 1908

Russian revolution of 1917 = world's first communist state. Rapid industrialisation followed

Both organisations promised guaranteed military support if attacked

Eastern Europe was politically independent, but controlled from moscow

both sides never came into contact, but had multiple proxy wars and almost did during the Cuban missile crisis

An example of how superpowers may be restricted by global governance

Examples include the 2016 Paris Agreement - the first time that all states agreed to set emissions targets. The USA have now pulled out of this

However, there are a lack of sanctions on those who break the agreement

World's biggest polluter has reinstated its commitment to the agreement

The council can apply sanctions/authorise the use of military force/Authorise a UN peacekeeping force to be sent over to try to regain peace

The UK, US, FRA tend to vote as one and so do CHN, RUS = deadlock

Jose Bove bulldozed a McDonalds as a protest against the growth hormones used in the burgers

Alternatives to barbie dolls in the middle east - they wear national dress

China only allows 20 Hollywood based films to be released every year

Media - CNN and news corp are two very powerful multimedia organisations. Tend to have agendas. News corps papers supported Brexit

Food and Drink - driving force behind fast food and soft drink culture

Language - global spread of english w. 600million speakers. Second language in most countires

Fashion - particularly youth fashion. 'Invented' Jeans, tshirts, sportswear as leisure wear

Music - source of most modern music (Rock, rap, r and b, house). 50% of recording and streaming was in English

Cinema - 18/20 highest grossing movies were made in Hollywood

since the end of the cold war, the world has been dominated by the free-market capitalist system

Buying and selling of goods in a free market with limited restrictions

Dominated by the US, but all member states pledge to spend a % of GDP on military

Trump has claimed that countries need to spend more, if they are to be protected by the US

there was a global concern that Saddam Hussain (who controlled 40% of global oil supplies) would attack saudi arabia for oil

a coalition of 35 nations joined the military force (commanded by the US who provided 500,000 troops

Bin Laden (previously trained by the US to fight against the USSR in Afghanistan) didn't like this. Set up the 9/11 attacks

The war in Saudi Arabia was largely live broadcasted by CNN

A 5 week aerial and naval bombardment started in Jan 1991 - followed by a 4 day ground war in Feb

UN had not authorised the occupation of Iraq. So once the liberation of Kuwait was achieved, coalition forces withdrew.

However, 6 countries (led by the US and UK) still invaded Iraq

UK claimed that Iraq had Weapons of Mass Destruction, that imposed a threat on the UK

Air/Ground war lasted 1 week w. Iraqi forces comprehensively defeated

No WoMD were ever found - plunged Iraq into chaos and ISIS was formed

China's demand for raw materials has accounted for 90% of the global increase in the sea traffic since 2000 - imports 10 million tonnes of iron ore every week

Huge investor in overseas supplies (copper mines in Zambia)

Widespread water shortages in CHN - consumption exceeded supply by 70% in Beijing 2015

China is buying fertile farmland in Africa to produce wheat, meat, rice for it's population

Over 1bn Chinese owns a mobile phone = huge demand for Li/Cu/Zn

2007, a Russian submarine planted a flag on the seabed underneath N. Pole, indicating its claim for the resources in that section of the Arctic. 7 nations have competing claims in this region

US estimates that 30% of global undiscovered oil and gas could being in the Arctic region

Russia has granted permits for TNCs to start exploration in disputed regions

UN law of sea = countries are allowed to claim minerals and resources within 200miles of their coastline. However, some of these overlap = tensions

Russia, canada, US, EU (all with powerful armed forces, members of military alliances or have nuclear weapons) are key players

Tensions increase due to technological advances, alternatives supplies running out, arctic becoming more accessible due to sea ice

Some seem to ignore, such as the stalls in the grand bazaar in Istanbul

Previous regions of USSR became independent after collapse of USSR in 1991

Some still view this as russian territory/embarrassed that the USSR collapsed

Tensions increased as Eastern European states became more aligned with the west, e.g. Joining EU/NATO

Russia tried to gain back Crimea after Ukraine tried to apply to EU/NATO

It organised a disputed referrendum on whether Crimea should be russian or Ukrainian

Before the Referendum, Russia sent in troops which flushed out all the Native Ukrainians

Russia also threatened to cut of gas supplies as a punishment for Ukraine's pro-western stance

NATO have deployed several ground forces on Eastern Border in responce

Numerous territorial disputes e.g. CHN/JPN and Senkaku Islands

Islands are important as they provide ownership of minerals/resources